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of Southern, and west coast of Southern Thailand, respectively. All the
plots show that the simulated rainfall amounts in each region were always
higher than the observed value. However, the trend of simulated rainfall
agrees with the observed rainfall. Both simulated and observed rainfall of
all regions of Thailand show that the amount of rainfall in La Nina 1999
during these 2 months is more than that in El Nino 1997.
4. Conclusion
The total rainfall in Thailand during 1997-1998 (El Nino) was less than
normal, while in La Nina year 1999-2000, the total rainfall was more than
normal. During El Nino 1997-1998, it can be seen that the anomaly of
rainfall occurred during the early rainy season, while during La Nina 1999-
2000, the abundance of rainfall started in April and the amount of rainfall
was more than the long-term mean for the whole of Thailand except the
Southern (east coast) part of Thailand. By using RAMS to simulate the
rainfall in May and June in El Nino 1997 and La Nina 1999, the simulated
monthly rainfall was overestimated, but the trend of simulated daily rainfall
in the model agrees with the observational data. It indicates that the
amount of rainfall in La Nina 1999 during these 2 months is higher than
El Nino 1997.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Joint Graduate School of Energy and
Environment, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi. Special
thanks are also due to Thai Meteorological Department (TMD) and the
European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) for
the data supported.
References
1. R. J. Allan, ENSO and climatic variability in the past 150 years, in El Nino
and the Southern Oscillation Multiscale Variability and Global and Regional
Impacts , eds. H. F. Diaz and V. Markgraf (Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, 2000), pp. 3-55.
2. M. H. I. Dore, Climate change and changes in global rainfall patterns: What
do we know? Environ. Int. 31 (2005) 1167-1181.
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