Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
temperatures. They include short-term avoidance/acclimation
mechanism or long-term evolutionary adaptations. Some major
tolerance mechanisms, including ion transporters, LEA proteins,
osmoprotectants, antioxidant defence and factors involved in sig-
nalling cascades and transcriptional control are essentially sig-
nificant to counteract the stress effects (Rodríguez et al. 2005).
In case of sudden heat stress, short-term response, that is, leaf
orientation, transpirational cooling and changes in membrane
lipid composition are more important for survival (Rodríguez
et al. 2005). Smaller yield losses due to early maturation in sum-
mer show possible involvement of an escape mechanism in heat
stress tolerance (Adams et al. 2001). Different tissues in plants
show variations in terms of developmental complexity, expo-
sure and responses towards the prevailing or applied stress types
(Queitsch et al. 2000). The stress responsive mechanism is estab-
lished by an initial stress signal that may be in the form of an
ionic and osmotic effect or changes in the membrane fluidity.
This helps to reestablish homeostasis and to protect and repair
damaged proteins and membranes (Vinocur and Altman 2005).
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