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The mediator
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TBP-containing and TBP-free-containing
complexes implicated in transcription
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13.5 Future directions and conclusions
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References
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Abstract
The extreme challenge for the future is to increase the
plant productivity and yield with respect to climate change.
In the current global status, aberrant climate change leads
to the immense impact on the loss of million tons of crop
productivity in agriculture. The consequence is becoming
more pathetic by the current and imminent global changes
in climate, world population increases, industrialisation
toxicity, deterioration of cultivated land and freshwater
insufficiency. All these stresses emphasising the devel-
opment of stress-resistant plants are those that have the
ability to adapt and endure the growth and productivity
in stressful and harsh environmental changes. It is sig-
nificant to understand plants stress response mechanism
to augment the crop productivity under unfavourable or
stressful environmental conditions.
13.1 Introduction
Plants, as a sessile organism, must contend and thrive under
multiple climate change threats or environmental stresses.
These stresses not only affect the plant crops productivity, but
also lead to changes in the plant architecture, growth and devel-
opment (Walter et al., 2009). During the onset and development
of environmental stress within a plant, all the major processes
are directly affected such as photosynthesis, transpiration, respi-
ration, energy and lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism,
protein synthesis, stomatal conductance and pigment concentra-
tions; then there are secondary stresses such as ion uptake and
nutrition stress (affecting the availability, transport and parti-
tioning of nutrients) and oxidative stress which together affect
the plant development and growth (Ryan, 1991; Scandalios,
1997; Grene, 2002; Flexas et al., 2004; Saher et al., 2005; Garrett
et al., 2006; Chaves et al., 2009; Singh et al., 2009; Walter et al.,
2009; Compant et al., 2010; Cramer et al., 2011; Walbot, 2011;
Dinakar et al., 2012; Tullus et al., 2012). Plants have to respond
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