Fundamentals of electrokinetics - In-Situ Remediation of Arsenic-Contaminated Sites - page 105

Table 5.5. Major field-scale applications of electrokinetic remediation of soils contaminated with inorganics.

Site
description

Contaminant and
concentration Scheme Note Reference

As: 52-79 mg kg − 1
Cu: 62-124 mg kg − 1
Pb: 111-204 mg kg − 1

Treated zone: silty clay loam with a volume of 150 m 3 (0.8 m of depth);
demonstrating the improvement in removal efficiency using bioleaching
prior to EK: As (32.30%), Cu (49.77%), and Pb (52.88%) by EK; As
(64.04%), Cu (64.88%), and Pb (56.95%) by EK

Former iron refinery
plant site (Janghang,
Korea)

Electrokinetics and
Bio-EK (electrokinetics
coupled with
bioleaching)

Halla Engrg. &
Construction,
Corp. (2011)

Zn: 2000 µ gL − 1
in groundwater

Former galvanizing
plant site (The Hague,
The Netherlands)

In-situ remediation
using electrostimulated
groundwater extraction
(ESGE)

Treated zone: medium-fine sand and silty clay layer with a volume of
5800 m 3 ; average Zn concentration of < 600 µ gL − 1

Lageman and
Pool (2009) after treatment of

2 years

Ni: 1350 mg kg − 1
Zn: 1300 mg kg − 1
Ni: 3500

Treated zone: sandy loam and silty sand with a volume of 4300 m 3 ; applied
to the depth 6 m below ground surface; Ni (15 mg/kg), Zn (75 mg/kg
in soil, 15

Operational
galvanizing plant
site (Heerenberg,
The Netherlands)

In-situ electrokinetics Lageman and

Pool (2009)

gL − 1
in groundwater

gL − 1

µ µ in groundwater) after treatment

CN: 930 mg kg − 1 Treated zone: clay and sandy clay soil with a volume of 120 m 3 ; applied to

the depth 4 m below ground surface; Ni (15 mg kg − 1 ), Zn (75 mg kg − 1
in soil, 15

Former gasworks
site (Oostburg,
The Netherlands)

In-situ electrokinetics Lageman and

Pool (2009)

gL − 1

µ in groundwater) after treatment of 3 months

Cd: 5-20 mg kg − 1
Cr: 180-1100 mg kg − 1

Treated zone: a volume of 120 m 3 with the depth of 3 m; citric acid used
to maintain the cathode pH at 4; after 6 months of treatment, 78%
of the soil volume had been cleared of chromium or treated to below natural
background levels; 70% of the soil between the electrodes had been cleared
of cadmium contamination

Naval Air Weapons
Station (NAWS),
(Point Mugu, CA)

In-situ electrokinetics Gent et al .

(2004)

Pb: 82,230-8270 mg kg − 1

Battery shop site
and intermediate
maintenance facility
site (Honolulu, HA)

Ex-situ electrokinetics The innovative feature by using EDTA as a chelating agent in the electrolyte

solution; the effective removal of Pb from polluted soils with no generation
of harmful wastes

USEPA (2003)

Cd: 1810 mg kg − 1
Cr: 25,100 mg kg − 1

Naval Air Weapons
Station (NAWS),
(Point Mugu, CA)

In-situ electrokinetics The aim to reduce the contaminant concentrations below the regulatory

action levels for metal concentration and toxicity criteria; usage of citric
acid as an amendment to control the formation of the pH front in the
treatment area

USAEC (2000)

( Continued )