Fundamentals of electrokinetics - In-Situ Remediation of Arsenic-Contaminated Sites - page 103

Glacial till (clay) Cr, Ni, Cd Spiked Enhanced by various electrolyte solutions; simultaneous removal of multiple heavy metals:

NaCl/EDTA or acetic acid

Reddy and
Chinthamreddy
(2004)

Waste disposal site Cr, Cd Polluted Different removal efficiency depending on scale; bench scale < field scale; field scale:

78% Cr, 70% Cd after 6 months

Gent et al . (2004)

Kaolinite Cr, Ni, Cd Spiked Sequentially enhanced electrokinetics by electrolyte conditioning Reddy and

Chinthamreddy
(2003)

Factory site (clay) Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe,

Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd

Polluted Selective leaching test after electrokinetics; low potential for remobilization of metals

after electrokinetics

Suèr et al . (2003)

Factory site Cu, Cd Polluted Combination of electrokinetics and phytoremediation O'Connor et al .

(2003)

Tailing (mainly silt) Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn Polluted Efficiency evaluation depending on heavy metal speciation in soil; main removal

mechanism: electromigration > electroosmosis

Kim et al . (2002a)

Various natural clay Cu, Pb, Zn Spiked Heavy metal migration dominated by crystalline clay minerals; lowest efficiency:

humic-allophanic & allophonic soils

Darmawan and
Wada (2002)

Waste water sludge Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb Polluted Pilot scale study; abiotic and biotic speciation of heavy metals Kim et al . (2002b)

Sand, clay Pb, Zn, Cd Spiked pH-dependent removal efficiency: Cd and Zn > Pb, sand > clay Vengris et al . (2001)

Kaolinite, glacial
till (clay)

Cr, Ni, Cd Spiked Evaluation of effects of multiple heavy metals; removal efficiency depending on soil pH,

polarity of contaminants, type of soil

Reddy et al . (2001a)

Kaolinite, glacial
till (clay)

Cr(VI), Cr(III), Ni,
Cd

Spiked Different migration of initial metal species; efficiency evaluation by sequential extraction Reddy et al . (2001b)

Kaolinite, tailing (clay) Pb, Cd Spiked,

polluted

Different removal efficiency: Pb < Cd, kaolinite > tailing Kim et al . (2001)