Geoscience Reference
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frequentation and the spatial extent of the degradation of the vegetation cover. In the
second case, an assessment can be made to find if there are differences between the
pixels frequented by herds and the others in terms of degradation of the vegetation
cover.
2.3.3.4.
Step 4: to identify the processes linking animal behaviors and the change in
the vegetation cover
Formulated in this way, it refers to the ecological, ethological and
environmentalist domains. A matter that would rather be within the competences of
the geographer would be to identify and to model regularities in the relationship
between herds' behavior and the nature of the vegetation cover and the topographic
context. Such model would, for example, permit to explore the effects of different
scenarios on the demography of herds and the parks policy (for example, in terms of
the feeding of water points) on the alteration in vegetation cover.
2.3.4.
What factors are behind the emergence and/or the reinforcement of school
segregation? Construction of multilevel and multidate information
By school segregation, we mean the concentration on a certain profile
(privileged or on the contrary underprivileged) of pupils in some schools. Works
conducted in this area show that two types of factors are at stake to explain the
social profile of schools [FRA 08]: on the one hand, it is the reflection of the social
profile of the residential area it concerns; on the other hand, it is the consequence of
the school choices made by families. Indeed, some families avoid the nearest school,
thinking that their child will have better chances of success in a school with better
reputation. This reputation can be apprehended by the school's rate of success at an
exam or by its more or less privileged social profile. Let us suppose that the
objective concerns following three interrelated issues: to better understand how the
differentiations of schools' social profiles emerge; to compare the magnitude of
these differentiations in a context where there is a “school district mapping”
14
and in
a context of free choice of the school for the families; to determine how the
schooling contexts that emerge in these different scenarios influence the success of
students.
We rely on empirical [FRA 14a, BOU 13] and theoretical works [FRA 14b]
conducted at the high school level in Paris and its outskirts.
14 The “school district mapping” is an administrative tool that assigns children to a given
school according to their place of residence.
