Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
Bernard, E.N. 1991. Assessment of Project THRUST: past, present,
future.
Proceedings of the Second UJNR Tsunami Workshop
,
Honolulu, Hawaii 5-6 November 1990, National Geophysical
Data Center, Boulder, pp. 247-255.
Bolt, B.A. 1993.
Earthquakes
. W.H. Freeman and Co., New York.
Bolt, B.A., Horn, W.L., MacDonald, G.A., and Scott, R.F. 1975.
Geological Hazards
. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Bryant, E. 2001.
Tsunami: The Underrated Hazard
. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge.
Cornell, J. 1976.
The Great International Disaster Book
. Scribner's,
New York.
EQE 1995.
The January 17, 1995 Kobe earthquake.
<http://www.
eqe.com/publications/kobe/kobe.htm> (URL defunct as of 2004)
Geist, E.L. 1997. Local tsunamis and earthquake source parame-
ters.
Advances in Geophysics
39: 117-209.
Giardini, D., Grünthal, G., Shedlock, K. and Zhang, P. 1999.
Global
Hazard Seismic Map
. Global Seismic Hazard Assessment
Program, UN/International Decade of Natural Hazard Reduction.
González, F.I. 1999. Tsunami!
Scientific American
, May: 44-55.
Hadfield, P. 1992.
Sixty Seconds That Will Change the World: The
Coming Tokyo Earthquake
. Tuttle, Boston.
Hansen, W.R. 1965. Effects of the Earthquake of March 27, 1964 at
Anchorage, Alaska.
United States Geological Survey Professional
Paper
No. 542-A.
Hatori, T. 1986. Classification of tsunami magnitude scale.
Bulletin
Earthquake Institute
61: 503-515 (in Japanese).
Hays, W.W. 1981. Facing geologic and hydrologic hazards: Earth-
science considerations.
United States Geological Survey
Professional Paper
No. 1 240-B: 54-85.
Hodgson, J.H. 1964.
Earthquakes and Earth Structure
. Prentice-
Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
Holmes, A. 1965.
Principles of Physical Geology
. Nelson, London.
Horikawa, K. and Shuto, N. 1983. Tsunami disasters and protection
measures in Japan. In Iida, K. and Iwasaki, T. (eds)
Tsunamis:
Their Science and Engineering
. Reidel, Dordrecht, pp. 9-22.
Iida, K. 1963. Magnitude, energy and generation of tsunamis, and
catalogue of earthquakes associated with tsunamis. Proceedings of
the Tsunami meetings associated with the Tenth Pacific Science
Congress.
International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics
Monograph
24: 7-18.
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission 1999.
Historical
tsunami database for the Pacific, 47 BC-1998 AD
. Tsunami
Laboratory, Institute of Computational Mathematics and
Mathematical Geophysics, Siberian Division, Russian Academy
of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia, <http://tsun.sscc.ru/HTDBPac1/>
(URL defunct as of 2004)
International Tsunami Information Center 2004. <http://www.prh.
noaa.gov/itic/more_about/itic/itic.html>
Johnson, J.M. 1999. Heterogeneous coupling along Alaska-Aleutians
as inferred from tsunami, seismic, and geodetic inversions.
Advances in Geophysics
39: 1-106.
Keller, E.A. 1982.
Environmental Geology
expertise is only recently coming to terms with the
fact that the effects of seismic waves upon structures
has been underestimated by a factor of 2-4. The San
Francisco and Kobe earthquakes of 1989 and 1995,
respectively, triggered this reassessment. There are
extensive regions prone to large earthquakes where
people must live and adjust to this threat.
Finally, very little discussion was given to the
threat of tsunami along coastlines where historical
records are minimal. The coastline of Australia
illustrates this point. This country has been scruti-
nized by written observations for only the past
230 years. Historically, the largest tsunami wave
height measured on a tide gauge - 1.07 m - occurred
at Sydney in May 1877. Observations exist on the
north-west coast of Australia for run-up heights of
4 m following the Krakatau eruption in 1883 and
of 6 m in August 1977 following an Indonesian
earthquake. Yet, Aboriginal legends originating from
coastal regions frequently note the occurrence of
large tsunami. Detailed fieldwork examining a range
of signatures left by tsunami in coastal deposits and
the erosion of bedrock across Australia indicate that
tsunami have run up to 35 km inland on the north-
west coast and topped headlands 130 m high south of
Sydney. The extent and magnitude of this evidence
could be caused only by a comet or meteorite impact
with the ocean. These events are not ancient.
Radiocarbon dating indicates that these mega-
tsunami occurred within the last 300-500 years. Both
Aboriginal and Maori legends also substantiate a
cosmogenic event within this time frame. Our
knowledge of tsunami as a hazard is deficient in
terms of both cause and extent.
REFERENCES AND FURTHER
READING
Abe, K. 1979. Size of great earthquakes of 1837-1974 inferred from
tsunami data.
Journal Geophysical Research
84: 1561-1568.
Abe, K. 1983. A new scale of tsunami magnitude, M
t
. In Iida, K. and
Iwasaki, T. (eds)
Tsunamis: Their Science and Engineering
.
Reidel, Dordrecht, pp. 91-101.
Bardet, J.P., Idriss, I.M., O'Rourke, T.D., Adachi, N., Hamada, M.,
Ishihara, K. 1997.
North America-Japan Workshop on the
Geotechnical Aspects of the Kobe, Loma Prieta, and Northridge
Earthquakes Quakes
. Report to National Science Foundation, Air
Force Office of Scientific Research and Japanese Geotechnical
Society.
(3rd edn). Merrill,
Columbus, Ohio, pp. 133-167.
Lomnitz, C. 1988. The 1985 Mexico earthquake. In El-Sabh, M.I.
and Murty, T.S. (eds)
Natural and Man-Made Hazards
, Reidel,
Dordrecht, pp. 63-79.
Myles, D. 1985.
The Great Waves
. McGraw-Hill, New York.
