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reaction varies with the mineral phase of the particles. For '-Al
2
O
3
, the reaction is
limited to the surface, while for MgO the bulk of the particle is involved. For CaCO
3
,
acetic acid uptake is limited to the surface under dry conditions, but penetrates to
the bulk under humid conditions (Ma et al.
2012
). Illumination of environmental
surfaces including Fe
2
O
3
,TiO
2
, Mauritanian sand and Icelandic volcanic ash with
adsorbed oxalic acid produces gas-phase CO
2
(Styler and Donaldson
2012
).
4.4
Conclusion
Atmospheric processing of mineral dust leads to evolution of many dust physic-
ochemical properties during transport. Heterogeneous chemistry, in particular, has
profound effects on dust morphology, optical properties and nutrient availability
and alters atmospheric composition. These changes influence the direct and indirect
effects of dust on climate. Therefore, comprehensive understanding of the effect
of mineral dust on climate requires detailed knowledge of dust mineralogy and
the changes in chemical composition and properties that take place during global
transport and atmospheric processing.
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