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Fig. 1.13
Near-Earth Neutral
Line (NENL) substorm
model based on the field line
reconnection at the middle
portion of magnetotail.
Evolutions of the magnetotail
during substorm development
are shown with panels
numbered by 1-9. A huge
plasmoid builds up as a result
of the reconnection as shown
in panel 6, then it breaks
away from the magnetosphere
and subsequently escapes in
antisunward direction.
Adapted from McPherron
(
1979
)
10
6
-10
5
W=cm
2
in the altitude range 100-200 km over the auroral oval where the
most bright aurora occurs. The permanent ground-based measurements of magnetic
variations caused by the auroral electrojet provide us with the so-called AE-index
which serves as one of the most important characteristics of space weather.
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