Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
structures. However, other organisms and processes can also be
affected, and recent papers have provided varied and sometimes
contradictory results. Several studies have adopted an approach of
meta-analysis in order to summarize the results of this literature,
which only continue to increase year by year [HEN 10, KRO 10,
KRO 13, LIU 10].
Parameter
Unit
1766
2007
2100
Temperature
°C
18.3
18.9
21.4
Salinity
-
34.9
34.9
34.7
10
-6
mol kg
-1
Concentration of phosphate
0.66
0.63
0.55
10
-6
mol kg
-1
Concentration of silicate
7.35
7.35
7.35
10
-6
mol kg
-1
Total alkalinity
2326
2325
2310
Partial pressure of CO
2
(seawater)
µatm
267
384
793
10
-6
mol kg
-1
[CO
2
]
9.05
12.8
24.7
−
10
-6
mol kg
-1
[HCO ]
1754
1865
2020
3
3
−
10
-6
mol kg
-1
231
186
118
[CO
]
10
-6
mol kg
-1
Dissolved inorganic carbon
1994
2064
2162
pH
T
8.2
8.07
7.79
[H
+
]
10
-9
mol kg
-1
6.379
8.6
16.13
Saturation in calcite
-
5.5
4.5
2.8
Saturation in aragonite
-
3.6
2.9
1.8
Table 5.1.
Carbonate chemistry of surface seawater
between 1766 and 2100 [GAT 09]
C
OMMENTARY
O
N
T
ABLE
5.1.-
Total alkalinity, partial pressure of
CO
2
(pCO
2
), salinity and temperature have been used for calculating all
of the other parameters using the R package seacarb [LAV 10] and the
dissociation constants of Leuker
et al
. [LUE 00]. The ocean and
atmosphere have been considered to be in equilibrium. The temperature
values, salinity, total alkalinity and phosphate in 1766, 2007 and 2100
are from Plattner
et al
. [PLA 01] using historical values of CO
2
and
radiative forcing not linked to CO
2
between 1766 and 1990 and the
IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A2 scenario
between 1990 and 2100 [NAK 00]. The pCO
2
values in 1766 and 2100
are from Plattner
et al
. [PLA 01] whereas the 2007 value is from
