Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
(a)
(b)
100%
100%
80%
80%
60%
60%
40%
40%
20%
20%
0%
0%
Arable land
Grasland
Arable land
Grassland
Rough Grazing
Forests
Alpine pasture
Forests
Other Areas (built up, water, alpine)
Other areas (built up, water, alpine)
(c)
(d)
1,0
1,0
0,9
0,9
0,8
0,8
Arable land
Arable land
Grassland
0,7
0,7
Grasland
Rough Grazing
0,6
0,6
Alpine pasture
0,5
0,5
0,4
Forests
Other Areas (built up,
water, alpine)
0,4
Forests
Other areas (built up,
water, alpine)
0,3
0,3
0,2
0,2
0,1
0,1
0,0
0,0
Fig. 2.11 Land-use changes in The United Kingdom and Austria (1830
2000 as % of total area)
a As %of total area in the United Kingdomb As %of total area in Austria c Per capita land-uses in the
United Kingdom d Per capita land-uses in Austria. Source Krausmann et al. (
2008
, pp. 187
-
-
201)
driving force that urged the energy transition from land-based biomass energy
carriers to mineral-based fossil fuels (see Figs.
2.6
and
2.2
). The same way the Stone
Age did not end because of a shortage of stones, the way out of a biomass-based
energy system had no reason to wait for a devastating deforestation.
Almost all known energy transitions have required a long of time to attain an
overall turnaround of the preceding mix of energy sources (see graphs 7, 11.3 and
11.4 as examples). Over a period of time all energy sources, old and new, can
continue to grow at different and sometimes similar rates. This was the case of
many woodland products whose consumption increased during the 19th and the
rst third of the 20th century, despite the contemporary growth in coal burning.
This happened not only in Nordic countries such as Finland, but also in Mediter-
ranean ones such as Spain, due to the maintenance of many traditional uses,
together with the appearance of new applications related to industrialization and
urbanization
railway sleepers, mine roof supports, posts for telegraph and power
lines, furniture, packages of fruit and wood pulp to make paper.
119
—
In several
119
Myllyntaus and Mattila (
2002
) and Iriarte-Go
ñ
i and Ayuda (
2008
).
