Spodic Horizon - Soil Geography of the USA: A Diagnostic-Horizon Approach - page 255

Table 22.3 Factors influencing the development of the spodic horizon
Area Factor References

Climate

Taiwan High precipitation and low

temperatures favor spodic

Liu and Chen ( 2004 )

MI Heavy snow and lack of soil

freezing influence spodic

Schaetzl and Isard ( 1996 )

Organisms

Sweden Elevational controls on vegetation

impact spodic

Earl-Goulet et al. ( 1998 ), Arteaga
et al. ( 2008 ), and Schiavo et al. ( 2012 )

Latvia Vegetation conversion and air

pollution influence spodic

Sebasta et al. ( 2011 ) and Nikodemus
et al. ( 2013 )

Scotland,
Netherlands,
Brazil

Decomposition of roots produces
Bh horizon

Phillips and FitzPatrick ( 1999 ), Buurman
et al. ( 2008 ), and Coelho et al. ( 2012 )

Denmark, WA Spodic horizon most common

under coniferous vegetation

Mossin et al. ( 2001 ), Briggs et al. ( 2006 ),
and Watts and Carlisle ( 1998 )

Antarctica Spodic horizon forms in abandoned

penguin rookeries

Beyer and Bolter ( 2000 )

MI Vegetation type and fire influence

spodic

Mokma and Vance ( 1989 ) and Schaetzl
( 2002 )

Relief

Taiwan, Brazil Spodic forms in depressions Jien et al. ( 2010 ) and Silva et al. ( 2013 )

FL Fluctuating water table forms Bh Kristiansen et al. ( 2010 ) and Harris

and Rischar ( 2012 )

Malaysia Sandy beach ridges have spodic

horizon

Roslan et al. ( 2010 )

MI Soils on N-NE aspects more

podzolized

Hunckler and Schaetzl ( 1997 )

Parent material

Russia Sandy materials favor

podzolization

Murashkina et al. ( 2005 )

Switzerland Amounts of mica and chlorite in

clay fraction influence spodic

Egli et al. ( 2002 )

MI High gravel content restricts spodic Schaetzl ( 1991 )

Time

Norway Spodic formed in 6,600 yr Sauer et al. ( 2008 )

Finland Spodic formed in 1,520 yr Mokma et al. ( 2004 )

MI Spodic formed in 40 yr in sand pit Bronick and Mokma ( 2005 )

AK Spodic formed in 240 yr Alexander and Burt ( 1996 )

AK Spodic formed in 150 yr Bormann et al. ( 1995 )

MI Spodic formed in > 4,000 yr and

< 10,000 yr

Barrett and Schaetzl ( 1992 )

spodic horizon in FL and in the tropics appear to be an exception. In northern MI,
spodic horizons are best developed in areas receiving abundant snow that inhibits
soils freezing (Schaetzl and Isard 1996 ). The spodic horizon is most strongly
developed under coniferous forest and ericaceous vegetation.

In maritime