Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 1
Global primary energy consumption (million tonnes oil equivalent) by fuel in 2012
Nuclear
energy
Hydro
electric
Oil
Natural gas
Coal
Renewables
Total
Share (%)
USA
819.9
654.0
437.8
183.2
63.2
50.7
2,208.8
17.70
Canada
104.3
90.6
21.9
21.7
86.0
4.3
328.8
2.64
Mexico
92.6
75.3
8.8
2.0
7.1
2.0
187.7
1.50
Total North America
1,016.8
820.0
468.5
206.9
156.3
57.0
2,725.4
21.84
Brazil
125.6
26.2
13.5
3.6
94.5
11.2
274.7
2.20
Total South
and Central America
302.2
148.6
28.2
5.0
165.7
15.6
665.3
5.33
France
80.9
38.2
11.4
96.3
13.2
5.4
245.4
1.97
Germany
111.5
67.7
79.2
22.5
4.8
26.0
311.7
2.50
Greece
15.4
3.8
7.5
-
1.0
1.1
28.8
0.23
Italy
64.2
61.8
16.2
-
9.4
10.9
162.5
1.30
Kazakhstan
12.8
8.5
35.0
-
1.8
^
58.1
0.47
Russian Federation
147.5
374.6
93.9
40.3
37.8
0.1
694.2
5.56
Spain
63.8
28.2
19.3
13.9
4.6
14.9
144.8
1.16
Total Europe
and Eurasia
879.8
975.0
516.9
266.9
190.8
99.1
2,928.5
23.47
Iran
89.6
140.5
0.9
0.3
2.9
^
234.2
1.88
Saudi Arabia
129.7
92.5
-
-
-
-
222.2
1.78
United Arab Emirates
32.6
56.6
-
-
-
^
89.3
0.72
Other Middle East
countries
81.4
39.6
0.2
-
2.2
^
123.5
0.99
Total Middle East
375.8
370.6
9.9
0.3
5.1
0.1
761.9
6.11
Total Africa
166.5
110.5
97.5
3.2
24.1
1.4
403.3
3.23
Australia 46.7 22.9 49.3 - 4.1 2.8
125.7
1.01
China 483.7 129.5 1873.3 22.0 194.8 31.9
2735.2
21.92
India 171.6 49.1 298.3 7.5 26.2 10.9
563.5
4.52
Japan 218.2 105.1 124.4 4.1 18.3 8.2
478.2
3.83
South Korea 108.8 45.0 81.8 34.0 0.7 0.8
271.1
2.17
Total Asia-Pacifi c
1389.4
562.5
2609.1
78.1
289.0
64.1
4992.2
40.01
Total world
4130.5
2987.1
3730.1
560.4
831.1
237.4
12476.6
100.00
Primary energy comprises commercially traded fuels including modern renewables used to generate electricity. ^ Less
than 0.05. Oil consumption is measured in million tonnes; other fuels are in million tonnes of oil equivalent
Source
: BP Statistical World Energy Review (
2013
)
over this period. It is observed that modern
renewable energy can substitute for fossil and
nuclear fuels in four distinct markets: power
generation, heating and cooling, transport fuels
and rural/off-grid energy services (REN21
2013
). It has been found that growth of renew-
ables is highly dependent on many factors
including government policy, business environ-
ment and investment climate of a country. It is
evident that the global investment scenario for
renewables has been improving over the last
8 years and total investment almost increased by
sixfolds from $48.4 billion in 2004 to $296.7 billion
in 2012 (REN 21
2013
). A signifi cant chunk of
the above investment in 2012 was in the area of
asset fi nance ($148.5 billion) and small distrib-
uted capacity ($80 billion), and only $9.6 billion
was devoted for research and development activ-
ities. In terms of technology-based investment,
solar fetched $140 billion followed by wind ($80
billion) and biomass ($8.6 billion).
In the Asia-Pacifi c region, Australia has been
making a signifi cant progress in terms of producing
electricity from renewable sources. During the
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