Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Fig. 2
The location of plots on the dump (
I
near water body,
II
elevated,
III
small uneven)
soil, and mobile forms of K is 8.5-10.0 mg/100 g
soil. The average content of major elements of a
mineral nutrition (N, P, K) on the heap is 3-10
times lower than in zonal soils. On different plots
is observed average and severe sulfatic saliniza-
tion. The total content of water-soluble sulfates,
chlorides, and carbonates ranged from 0.07 % to
1.33 % by weight of absolutely dry soil. The con-
tents of ions varied in the range of 0.6-20.6, 0.3-
0.8, and 0.2-0.4 mg-ekv for HSO4
2−
, Cl
−
, and
HCO3
−
, respectively.
Observations on the natural overgrowth of the
east dump were carried out in 1978, 1980, 1990,
and 2006 (Kuprijanov
1989
; Kuprijanov and
Manakov
2008
) on the same profi le length of
1.5 km, covering different areas (Fig.
2
).
Circumwater plot (I) sometimes submerged by
melted water is located at the slope base. Its over-
growth began in 1978 following technogenic
alignment. Raised artifi cially designed plot (II),
the overgrowth of which began in 1978, is located
on the periphery of the elevated part of the dump.
Small uneven planned plot (III), the overgrowth
of which began in 1971, is located in the center of
the raised part of the dump. On each plot in each
period of observation at the sites 10 × 10 m was
established the species composition of herba-
ceous plants. The data for 12 observations (3
plots × 4 time periods) were collected over
36 years. Plots were marked to ensure that the
same plots were identifi ed over the whole period
of observations. Plot description was carried out
in June for each time period to ensure identifi cation
of the maximum number of plant species. For
each plot, the total number of species regardless
of their projective cover was registered. Plant
species outside the plot boundaries were ignored.
2.2
Plant Mycorrhizal Status
and Plant Nomenclature
Mycorrhizal status of plants is summarized in
Table
1
. The indirect method for identifi cation of
mycorrhizal status was used. The method is
based on accumulation of as many data from
literature as possible for each plant species
(Harley and Harley
1987
; Wang and Qiu
2006
).
Our estimation of mycorrhizal status is mainly
based on works carried out in the territory of the
former USSR (Kruger
1957
; Selivanov et al.
1964
; Selivanov and Gavriljuk
1966
; Selivanov
1969
; Selivanov and Utemova
1969
; Eleusenova
and Selivanov
1973
; Selivanov and Eleusenova
1974
; Kruger and Selivanov
1977
; Chibrik et al.
1980
; Chibrik and Salamatova
1985
; Nozadze
1989
; Glebova
1992
; Mukhin and Betekhtina
2006
; Glazyrina et al.
2007
). All cited works used
the same method for mycorrhiza identifi cation
described by Selivanov (
1981
). The method
consists of three steps: (1) maceration of roots in
KOH, (2) staining of macerated roots with aniline
blue and making of squashed preparations, and
(3) counting of fungal structures (arbuscles,
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