Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
η
= 1.0, η
= 0.8, η
= 0.5
450,360,225
400,320,200
350,280,175
1.3914
1
300,240,150
250,200,125
1.2075
3
0.9928
2
200,160,100
0.7724
0.7427
4.5
150,120,75
7
0.5415
8
0.6000
22
100,80,50
0.4654
0.4249
(12)
0.3217
9
0.3806
0.4210
10
0.4421
6
14
0.2354
0.2995
(13)
0.2238
50,40,25
11
16
0.1175
0.1852
0.1311
0.0855 17
0.0452 0.0475
15
18
0.0685
21
19
20
258.15 263.15
268.15
273.15 278.15 283.15 288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15
Mean Annual Thermodynamical Temperature
Figure 9.15. Organizational order of vegetation (OOV) of the major world biomes as
classified by Whittaker ( 1975 ). 1 - tropical rainforest, 2 - tropical seasonal forest,
3 - temperate rainforest, 4 - temperate deciduous forest, 5 - temperate evergreen forest,
6 - taiga, 7 - elfinwood, 8 - tropical broadleaf woodland, 9 - thorn scrub,
10 - temperate woodland, 11 - temperate shrubland, 12 - savanna, 13 - grassland,
14 - alpine shrubland, 15 - alpine grassland, 16 - tundra, 17 -warm semidesert, 18 - cool
semidesert, 19 - arctic alpine semidesert, 20 - true desert, 21 - arctic alpine desert,
22 - cool temperate bog. Small numbers with decimal points are the average values of
OOV for the 22 biomes when Z ¼ 0.8. For biomes without closed boundaries, the
value of the marked point for each type is given. The actual OOV values are those in
the figures times 10 33 . Note that species richness is correlated with temperature and
mean annual precipitation. From Zhang and Wu ( 2002 ). Reprinted with permission
of Elsevier and the authors.
which is related to the complexity and stability of ecosystems''. The model
derives the maximum possible ecoclines and predicts smallest OOV values
in cold-dry environments (Arctic, Alpine), and highest values for moist
warm environments (wet tropics) (Figure 9.15 ) . Criddle et al.( 2003 )
 
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