Sustainable Cockroach Management Using Insecticidal Baits: Formulations, Behavioural Responses and Issues - Urban Insect Pests: Sustainable Management Strategies - page 66

Year

1800s 1900-1930s 1940-1960s 1970s 1980-1990s 2000-2006 2007 onwards

Sodium fluoride

Boric acid

Carbamate/organophosphate

Hydramethylnon

Sulfluramid, abamectin

Imidacloprid, fipronil

Indoxacarb

Direct killing effect
Direct + secondary killing effect

Direct + up to tertiary killing effect

Fig. 5.1. Chronological development of active ingredients of insecticides used in cockroach baits.

Cockroach Baiting in Integrated Pest
Management

powder and contained inside a bait station,
optimized for use in different situations
(Benson and Zungoli, 1997). Compared to
residual spray formulations, baits are
relatively less toxic, odourless and applied
in minute amounts in areas identifi ed as
cockroach harbourage sites or where cock-
roach activity has been seen (Silverman
and Bieman, 1996; Sever et al ., 2007). They
are also useful in sensitive environments
such as zoos, child-care facilities, computer
rooms, and food preparation outlets, where
residual spray is not permissible (Reierson,
1995; Lee and Ng, 2009). Thus baits easily
integrate with other pest management pro-
grammes. In addition, baiting does not
harm benefi cial insects in the environment
and it allows oothecal parasitoids of
cockroaches to be conserved (Suiter, 1997)
and incorporated into cockroach manage-
ment programmes through biological
control releases (Hagenbuch et al ., 1989;
Bell et al ., 1998; Suiter et al ., 1998; Tee
et al ., 2011).

In cockroach management efforts, emphasis
has been placed on using the least amount
of insecticide possible (Miller and Meek,
2004; Sever et al ., 2007). Baiting cockroaches
is an important approach used in integrated
pest management (IPM) programmes.
Williams et al. (2005) reported that in
schools with low Blattella germanica infest-
ation, both IPM and residual spray treat-
ments effectively managed cockroach
populations. However, monitoring of the
cockroach-infested areas using glue traps
and visual inspection showed that residual
spray treatment of many areas was
unnecessary. In the IPM programme, cock-
roach population monitoring allowed pre-
cise placement of bait in infested areas only
(Williams et al ., 2005). This led to a 275%
decrease in active ingredients used and
99.9% fewer insecticide residues in the
IPM-treated schools compared to schools