Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
in this case signifi es an 'Attractive Targeted
Sugar Bait'. Eugenol is the main insecticidal
ingredient in clove oil and Bhat and
Kempraj (2009) demonstrated high levels
of activity of clove oil against
Ae.
albopictus
. Qualls
et al
. (2013) found that a
single application of the product to
vegetation around a golf course community
in Florida caused a reduction in the
numbers of the most abundant mosquito
species,
Anopheles crucians
, over a 4-week
period and had no signifi cant impact on
non-target organisms. Universal Pest
Solutions (2013) claims the product
attracts and kills a wide range of mosquitoes
including
Ae. albopictus, Culex
species
,
Anopheles
and
Culiseta
species
and that
application of the product to vegetation
causes the mosquito population to collapse
in 2-3 weeks.
exposure on a surface for approximately
1 month (Mnyone
et al
., 2010) and there-
fore frequent re-treatment/replenishment is
needed.
Laser
Vu (2010) describes a 'photonic fence'
invented by Intellectual Ventures Manage-
ment LLP which involves Light Emitting
Diode (LED) lamps on each fence post that
beam infrared light at adjacent fence posts
up to 30 metres apart; the light hits strips of
retrorefl ective material and refl ects to a
camera on each fence post which monitors
the refl ected light for shadows cast by
insects fl ying through the vertical plane of
light. When an insect is detected, a non-
lethal laser is automatically directed onto it
and measures the insect's size and wing
beat frequency to check that it is a female
mosquito. After running safety checks to
ensure no larger objects are in the photonic
fence, the system activates a more powerful
laser that kills the mosquito. In this way
areas could be protected from invading
mosquitoes.
According to Mullen
et al
. (2013) the
system has been demonstrated on
An.
stephensi
in the laboratory and the objective
is to develop a low-cost version that can be
used for malaria eradication efforts as well
as providing a tool for mosquito behaviour
studies.
Entomopathogenic fungi
No entomopathogenic fungi seem to be
available commercially at the moment for
mosquito control, although many have been
developed for crop protection (Faria and
Wraight, 2007). Isolates of
Beauveria
bassiana
and
Metarhizium anisopliae
have,
however, been found to kill important
vector species such as
An. stephensi, An.
gambiae, Cx. quinquefasciatus
and
Ae.
aegypti
(from Faria and Wraight, 2007).
Howard
et al.
(2010) found that squares of
polyester treated with
B. bassiana
caused
exposed
An. gambiae
adults to die more
rapidly than control mosquitoes. They also
found that the impact on a pyrethroid-
resistant
An. gambiae
strain was even
greater than on a susceptible strain with all
killed by the ninth day after exposure.
The relatively slow action of these fungi
means they do not provide immediate
protection from biting but survival of
infected females until after they lay their
fi rst egg batch should reduce the rate of
resistance development. In addition the
shortening of the adult lifespan can
interrupt the extrinsic phase of parasite
development, preventing its transmission.
At present spores will only survive
Auto-dissemination systems
Itoh
et al.
(1994) exposed blood-fed female
Ae. aegypti
to a surface treated with pyri-
proxyfen at 1.0 g/m
2
for 30 min and then
allowed them to lay eggs in cups of water
containing fourth instar larvae. Transmission
of pyriproxyfen from the females to the
water occurred and adult emergence from
the immatures was highly inhibited. Caputo
et al.
(2012) described an auto-dissemination
station for control of
Ae. albopictus
that
incorporates a water reservoir and black
cotton cloths dusted with 5% pyriproxyfen
powder. This resulted in 50-70% mortality
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