Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
into them and then a fan to propel the
insects into a collection bag or onto a sticky
surface or electrifi ed grid (AMCA, 2011).
The main attractants used are warmth and
carbon dioxide (Service, 1993). An attractant
to mimic human sweat may be incorporated,
particularly 1-octen-3-ol (octenol), which is
also present in exhaled human breath
(Takken and Kline, 1989).
Many adult traps have been developed
and tested to determine comparative ability
to capture mosquitoes but studies have
failed to demonstrate any meaningful
reduction in biting when used to protect
individual properties (Collier
et al
., 2006;
Henderson
et al
., 2006). Kline (2006)
reported successful deployment of a barrier
of insecticide-coated, bucket-shaped traps,
using carbon dioxide and octenol as lures,
around a condominium in Florida to protect
residents against
Ae. taeniorhynchus
. Kline
(2006) also found that surrounding small
residential areas in Gainesville and St.
Augustine, Florida, with Mosquito Magnet®
Pro traps, which use carbon dioxide,
warmth and octenol, resulted in approxi-
mately 50% reduction of various species of
nuisance mosquitoes.
Knols and De Jong (1996) identifi ed
Limburger cheese and foot odour as
powerful mosquito attractants. Okumu
et
al.
(2010) gave details of a synthetic
mosquito lure that includes ammonia,
L
-lactic acid and aliphatic carboxylic acids
and mimics foot odour. This is more
attractive than humans but not as attractive
as sweaty socks (Mensah, 2010). Okumu
and his team in Tanzania are working on a
project to develop an affordable trap based
on the smelly sock's attractant (Dixon,
2011). Solar powered traps incorporating
Anopheles
attractant are being deployed in
a project that aims to demonstrate elimin-
ation of the vector from Rusinga Island,
western Kenya (Hiscox
et al.
, 2012).
paints. The closest to commercial deploy-
ment for mosquito control is a brand named
'Inesfl y' from Industrias Químicas Inesba.
Inesfl y 5A IGR™ contains a patented,
microencapsulated formulation of chlor-
pyrifos, diazinon and pyriproxyfen. Follow-
ing encouraging preliminary tests in
malaria-endemic areas in Benin and Côte
d'Ivoire, against local populations of
An.
gambiae,
Mosqueira
et al.
(2010) found that
the product was effective for up to 12
months against
Culex quinquefasciatus
(susceptible and OP resistant strains)
exposed on painted softwood, hard plastic
and stucco surfaces but not on cement,
though even there it caused reduced
fecundity and some reduction in adult
emergence. The product is registered for use
in 15 countries (Leiber, 2012). One appli-
cation of the paint is claimed to be suffi cient
for 2-4 years of protection against malaria
mosquitoes.
Sugar baits
Adult mosquitoes, both male and female,
seek out sugar for their nourishment. This
method uses sugar solutions incorporating
an insecticide and kills the unsuspecting
pest when ingested. Müller and colleagues
at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem have
undertaken a series of studies in Israel,
Africa and Florida using sugar-based baits,
either as foliage sprays or in bait stations,
laced with spinosad or boric acid (e.g.
Müller
et al.
, 2010a,b). These showed
effectiveness against several
Anopheles
species,
Cx. quinquefasciatus
in a storm
drain system and
Ae. albopictus
in tyre
dumps (Universal Pest Solutions, 2013). On
the basis of the above observations an Israeli
company Westham Innovations Limited has
developed a sugar bait station called the
'honeyTrap'.
In 2013 a vegetation spray with 1%
natural insecticide eugenol in a sugar
solution was introduced for control of
mosquitoes in the USA as Terminix
ALLCLEAR ATSB® Natural Mosquito Bait
Concentrate. ATSB
®
is a trade mark of the
US Company Universal Pest Solutions and
Insecticidal paints
Paint provides an alternative to indoor
residual spraying and there have been
several projects to develop insecticidal
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