Plants with Pest Control Properties Against Urban Pests - Urban Insect Pests: Sustainable Management Strategies - page 223

Table 15.1. Continued

Plant species Active compound Mosquito species Reference

Stemona curtisii Stemona alkaloids,

stemocurtisine,
stemocurtisinol and
oxyprotostemonine

A. minimus Mungkornasawakul et al .

(2004)

Tagetes spp. Alpha-terthienyl A. aegypti Amason et al . (1988)

Tegetes minuta 5E-ocimenone Mosquito larvae Maradufu et al . (1978)

Thlaspi arvense Menthol extract of plant Aedes Supavarn et al . (1974)

Thymus vulgaris Oil Anopheles claviger and

Aedes cantans

Novak (1968)

Triphyophyllum
peltatum

Dioncophylline-A A. stephensi Bringmann et al . (1990)

Turraea wakefi eldii Limonoids A. gambiae Ndung'u et al . (2003)

Turraea wakefi eldii
and T. fl oribunda

Triterpenoids A. gambiae Ndung'u et al . (2004)

Vanilla fragrans Volatile aromatics,

4-ethoxymethylphenol,
4-butoxymethylphenol,
vanillin, 4-hydroxy-2-
methoxycinnamaldehyde, and
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic
acid

Mosquito Sun et al . (2001)

Verbascum blattaria Methanol extract of the plant Aedes Supavarn et al . (1974)

Zieria smithii Essential oil Aedes and Anopheles McCulloch and

Waterhouse (1947)

2011). Many plants and timbers contain
chemicals or complex mixture of chemicals
to repel, kill or affect gut fl ora in termites
(Adams et al ., 1988). Jacobson (1989) had
reviewed plants with anti-termite properties
extensively and recently Ahmed et al .
(2011) presented another review on this
subject.
A literature survey shows plant extracts
and essential oils may have potential as
alternative sources of termite control agents.
A few reports used plant-based formulations
and tested them in the laboratory and fi eld.
Various substrates such as soil, sand and
fi lter paper are used for running these
effi cacy tests. Wood consumption and
mortality are the general parameters evalu-
ated as indicators to determine the toxic and
feeding-deterrent activity of the extracts.
Very few reports on the commercial
availability of natural products against
termites are known. Margosan-O, a com-
mercial insecticide formulation containing
0.3% azadirachtin and 14% neem oil, was

investigated for orientation, tunnelling and
feeding behaviour of the formosan sub-
terranean termite Coptotermes formosanus
(Grace and Yates, 1992). The results show
the termite workers did not avoid papers
treated with a 1000 ppm solution of
azadirachtin, although signifi cant mortality
occurred in the 100 ppm treatment.
Subsequent observations indicated that
termites avoided long-term contact with the
treated sand. In multiple-choice feeding
assays, C. formosanus workers fed signifi -
cantly less on papers containing azadirach-
tin at ≥ 100 ppm. Similarly, soil treated with
2% solution of Calotropis procera L. and
Azadirachta indica prevented damage to
sugarcane setts by Odontotermes obesus
(Rambur), thus controlling the termite (Deka
and Singh, 2001; Singh et al ., 2002). Several
such natural-product extracts working as
termiticides have been identifi ed and tested.
Table 15.5 presents a list of plants that have
been reported in the literature to possess
anti-termite properties.