Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
Black faced impala
Examples cited are the Chivaraidze Game Ranch in Zimbabwe that is a CWM area founded
on the CAMPFIRE (Communal Areas Management Program for Indigenous Resources)
principles. Unfortunately, costs, leadership, poaching, sectional interests, capture by the elite
of benefits, and party politics destroyed the effort. Another effort (PARSEL) was the European
Union funding of game farming within the SAVE Valley Conservancy. There were many
stakeholders including NGOs such as WWF, TRAFFIC, IUCN, IGF, Cirad and private
landowners. Hunting is carried out under strict control on the land and the meat distributed to
the local population. More recently the problem has been land grab by the political elite of
areas such as SAVE to the point that, at least on face value, Mugabe has reprimanded those
involved. Also referenced are the 64 CWM conservancies in Namibia that generated $5.3
million in direct income and $40 million in total for the economy. A critical part of these
Southern African efforts was the legal changes that transferred wildlife ownership rights to the
landowners, private or the CWM group.
Of note, the Plains Indians (Crows, Cheyenne, Sioux, and Arapahos) had also been
agriculturists, but with the arrival of horses they found agriculture to be a less reliable way to
produce food on the high plains in comparison to hunting bison from horses. From a poor
African's view, the solution to finding protein and fat for his family, as much as Westerner's
deplore it and try to find solutions by integrating local communities in conservation, is hunting
for survival. This poaching is not uniquely African.
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