Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Phylum: Magnoliophyta
Class: Liliopsida
Order: Alismatales
Family: Alismataceae
Common name: Three-leaf arrowhead
Distribution: Iran, Pakistan, China, Malaysia, Japan, Australia
Habitat: Paddy ields, ponds, lakes
Description: This glabrous herb has thick stolons bearing tubers at the tips.
Leaves (15 × 6 cm) are emerged, upright, and sagittate. The blade is ovate
or linear-lanceolate. Inlorescence is an unbranched scapose raceme, 50 cm
long. Monoecious, white lowers (2 cm across) are in six whorls of ive
lowers each.
Compounds and activities: From the tuber extracts of this species four bioac-
tive diterpene ketones, viz., trifoliones A-D; two diterpene glucosides, viz.,
sagittariosides a and b ; nitroethylphenol glycoside, arabinothalictoside; and
six known diterpenes have been isolated. Among them, the compounds tri-
foliones A-D showed inhibitory effects on the histamine release from the
mast cells induced by compound 48/80 and calcium ionophore A-23187
(Yoshikawa et al., 1996).
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