Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
8.5 Conclusions
Molecular markers reports available for ornamental, underutilized, and vulner-
able palms give interesting conclusions. Scientists have used a range of molecular
markers, microsatellite loci, ISSR, AFLP, ITS, and RAPD in analyzing isolation
by distance, species limits, gene flow, parentage, population genetics, and spatial
genetic structure of these species. Genomics confirmed monophyly of three genera:
Chamaedorea
,
Geonoma
, and
Livistona
. We reviewed and discussed the cross-trans-
ferrable markers across species in these genera: AFLP in
Chamaedorea
[6]
and SSR
in
Butia
[3]
,
Pritchardia
[33]
, and
Johannesteijsmannia
[21]
. Gene flow between
populations is high in
Butia
[2]
but moderate in
Pseudophoenix
[34]
and low in
Carpentaria
[4]
and
Ceroxylon
[5]
. Positive correlation between geographical dis-
tance and genetic distance was found in
Euterpe
(AFLP
[13]
) and Sago palm (AFLP
[25]
), but no such correlation was seen in
Geonoma
(ISSR
[18]
). Genetic diver-
sity was high in
Pinanga
[31]
but low in
Nypa
[26]
. A high degree of inbreeding is
reported in Fishtail palm
[9]
, Loulu palm
[34]
, and Indonesian species of
Pinanga
[32]
. Genomics is useful in estimating historical and climatic events in species evo-
lution and in assessing diversity and interbreeding with other species, and hence is a
great tool for conservation genetics.
References
1. Choo J, Ishak H, Simpson B, Mueller U, Juenger T. Characterization of 14 microsatellite
loci in a tropical palm, Attalea phalerata (Arecaceae).
Am. J. Bot
. 2010;
97
:e105-e106.
2. Gaiero P, Mazzella C, Agostini G, Bertolazzi S, Rossato M. Genetic diversity among
endangered Uruguayan populations of Butia Becc. species based on ISSR.
Plant Syst.
Evol
. 2011;
292
:105-116.
3. Nazareno AG, Zucchi MI, and Dos Reis MS (2011). Microsatellite markers for Butia eri-
ospatha (Arecaceae), a vulnerable palm species from the Atlantic Rainforest of Brazil.
Am. J. Bot.
98
:e198-e200.
4. Shapcott A. The patterns of genetic diversity in Carpentaria acuminata (Arecaceae), and
rainforest history in northern Australia.
Mol. Ecol
. 1998;
7
:833-847.
5. Trenel P, Gustafsson MHG, Baker WJ, Asmussen-Lange CB, Dransfield J, Borchsenius F.
Mid-tertiary dispersal, not Gondwanan vicariance explains distribution patterns in the wax
palm subfamily (Ceroxyloideae: Arecaceae).
Mol. Phylogenet. Evol
. 2007;
45
:272-288.
6. Bacon CD, Bailey CD. Taxonomy and conservation: a case study from chamaedorea
alternans.
Ann. Bot
. 2006;
98
:755-763,
10.1093/aob/mcl158.
7. Thomas MM, Garwood NC, Baker WJ, Henderson SA, Russell SJ, Hodel DR, et al.
Molecular phylogeny of the palm genus Chamaedorea, based on the low-copy nuclear
genes PRK and RPB2.
Mol. Phylogenet. Evol
. 2006;
38
:398-415.
8. Cuenca A, Asmussen-Lange CB, Borchsenius F. A dated phylogeny of the palm tribe
Chamaedoreeae supports Eocene dispersal between Africa, North and South America.
Mol. Phylogenet. Evol
. 2008;
46
:760-775.
9. Jaramillo AC, Bacon CD, Garwood NC, Bateman RM, Thomas MM, Russell S, et al.
Population genetics of the understory fishtail palm Chamaedorea ernesti-augusti in
Belize: high genetic connectivity with local differentiation.
BMC Genet
. 2009;
10
:65.
