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Fig. 15.8
(
a
) The geographical
distribution and molecular
divergence dates of bonobos,
chimpanzees (Genus
Pan
) and
gorillas (Genus
Gorilla
), in
central and western Africa. The
Lukuga River (outflow of Lake
Tanganyika) appears to have
become a recent barrier to eastern
chimpanzees (modified from
Pr¨fer et al.
2012
; Scally et al.
2012
). Chimpanzees (
green
) and
bonobos (
orange
) were separated
by the Congo River between 2.5
and 1.5 Ma; and the western and
eastern gorillas show an
analogous divergence at
ca
.
1.7 Ma. (Bonobo, chimpanzee
and gorilla distributions derived
from UNEP-WCMC and IUCN
International Union for
Conservation of Nature
2008a
,
b
,
c
.(
b
) The geographical
distributions of bonobos,
chimpanzees, guenons (Genus
Cercopithecus
) and mandrills
(Genus
Mandrillus
). See
Molecular divergence dates of the
southern and northern mandrills
of Gabon in the west suggest that
the present day Ogou´ River
became established 0.8 Ma
(Telfer et al.
2003
). To the east of
the CB, divergence dates suggest
that the guenon populations were
separated by the Lomami -
Congo rivers at 1.7 Ma (Hart et al.
2012
). See Fig.
15.8a
for
congruent biogeoraphical
patterns in of bonobos and
chimpanzees
allowed gene flow (Piel et al.
2013
). Similar situations may
be found for other rivers of the CRS with more extensive and
intensive field research. Ultimately information on paleo-
environmental changes in the CB during the late Noegene
and Quaternary are required to fully elucidate the genetic
structure of many of the primates in the basin (i.e.
Kawamoto et al.
2013
). Furthermore, the geographical pat-
tern of a primate grouping may take hundreds of thousands
of years to develop (i.e. Kawamoto et al.
2013
), thus requir-
ing rivers to be effective barriers during the entire period.
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