Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
(a) Anthocyanins
(b) Flavonols
R 2
R 1
OH
OH
HO
O
O +
HO
R 1
R 2
OR
OR
OR
O
OH
Anthocyanidins (R=H)
R 1 ,R 2 =H: pelargonidin; R 1 =OH, R 2 =H: cyanidin
R 1 =OCH 3 , R 2 =H: peonidin; R 1 ,R 2 =OH: delphinidin
R 1 =OH, R 2 =OCH 3 : petunidin; R 1 ,R 2 =OCH 3 : malvidin
R 1 ,R 2 = H: kampferol; R 1 = OH, R 2 = H: quercetin
R 1 ,R 2 = OH: myricetin: R 1 = OCH 3 , R 2 = H: isorhamnetin
R 1 = OH, R 2 = OCH 3 : laricitrin; R 1 ,R 2 = OCH 3 : syringetin
R 1
R 1
OH
OH
(c) Flavan-3-ols
HO
O
2
HO
O
R 2
R 2
R 1
R 1
R 1
OH
OH
4
OH
OH
OH
4
OH
OH
HO
O
8
2
HO
O
8
R 2
R 2
O
O
R 2
7
OH
3
OH
6
6
OH
OH
5
OH
B-type
OH
Monomers/proanthocyanidins
A-type
R 1 ,R 2 = H: (epi)afzelechin/propelargonidins
R 1 = OH, R 2 = H: (epi)catechin/procyanidins
R 1 ,R 2 = OH: (epi)gallocatechin/prodelphinidins
R 2
(d) Flavones
(e) Flavanonols
(f) Flavanones
OH
R 1
OH
HO
O
HO
O
HO
O
R 2
R 1
R 1
OH
O
OH
OH
O
O
OH
R 1 = H: apigenin; R 1 = OH: luteolin
R 1 ,R 2 = H: dihydrokampferol
R 1 = OH, R 2 = H: dihydroquercetin
R 1 ,R 2 = OH: dihydromyricetin
R 1 = OH, R 2 = H: naringenin
R 1 ,R 2 = OH: eriodycltiol
R 1 = OCH 3 , R 2 = H: hesperetin
(g) Chalcones
(h) Dihydrochalcones
OH
OH
5
′
HO
OH
HO
OH
3
′
2
′
OH
O
OR
O
Naringenin chalcone
R = H: phloridzin
R = glucoside: phloretin
Fig. 9.1. Structures of the major fruit fl avonoids.
 
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