Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
Mevalonic acid pathway
Cytosol-derived isoprenoids
Methylerythritol-4-phosphate pathway
Chloroplast-derived isoprenoids
Mevalonic acid
Methylerythritol phosphate
Dimethylallyl diphosphate
Isopentenyl diphosphate
Cytokinins
Monoterpenes
Geranyl diphosphate
Sesquiterpenes
Brassinosteroids
Farnesyl diphosphate
Gibberellins
Quinones
Chlorophylls
Tocopherols
Geranylgeranyl diphosphate
PSY
(
psy-1
)
(
hp-1
)
DDB1
(
hp-2
)
DET1
COP1-like
HY5
IP
Phytoene
PDS
ζ
ζ
-Carotene
ZDS
Lycopene
Polyamines
CRTL-B
(
Beta, old-gold)
CRTL-E
(
Delta
)
δ
-Carotene
γ
-Carotene
CRTL-B
CRTL-B
α
-Carotene
Vitamin A
-Carotene
β
CRTR-E, CRTR-B
CRTR-B
Carotenoid
-derived volatiles
Lutein
(Xanthophyll)
Zeaxanthin
VDE1
ZEP1
(
hp-3
)
Anthraxanthin
VDE1
ZEP1
Abscisic acid
9-
cis
-Violaxanthin
Violaxanthin
TAO 3
Abscisic
aldehyde
Xanthoxin
NCED3
NSY
9-
cis
-Neoxanthin
Neoxanthin
Plate 7.
Carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in plants. Transgenic interventions in enzyme characterization are shown
in green and their mutants in red. Broken arrows indicate the involvement of multiple steps. Phytohormones, aroma
volatiles and other compounds indicated in blue showing direct (solid arrows) or indirect (broken arrows) connections
with carotenoid biosynthesis pathways. Photomorphogenic signal transduction factors are shown in the grey box.
A step in polyamine action on lycopene accumulation is highlighted. Inhibitory (blunt-ended lines) and stimulatory
(with arrowheads) effects are shown. PSY, phytoene synthase; PDS, phytoene desaturase; ZDS, ζ-carotene
desaturase; CRTL-B, lycopene β-cyclase; CRTR-B, β-ring hydroxylase; CRTR-E, ε-hydroxylase; ZEP1, zeaxanthin
epoxidase; VDE1, violaxanthin de-epoxidase; NSY, neoxanthin synthase; CRTL-E, lycopene ε-cyclase; NCED3,
9-
cis
-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 3; TAO3, abscisic-aldehyde oxidase.
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