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coast of the Baltic Sea, 54° N, 12° E). Karlsruhe (Germany, 49° N, 8° E) shows higher
doses than Erlangen due to the statistically higher number of clear days during the year
in Western Germany. The high mountain station in the German Alps (Zugspitze) has
higher irradiances than low-land stations with a similar latitude underpinning the
altitude effect and more abundant clear sky conditions in pristine Alpine locations. Gran
Canaria has the highest yearly doses in all three wavelength bands.
500
3500
14
249
319
291
346
328
365
290
278
271
348
304
350
257
3000
12
400
2500
10
300
2000
8
1500
6
200
1000
4
100
500
2
0
0
0
Abisko
Lund
Helgoland
Plymouth
Karlsruhe
Pisa
Zugspitze
Athens
Malaga
Grand Canaria
Rostock
Erlangen
Lisboa
Figure 4 . Yearly doses for several European stations.
8. Correlating ELDONET data with ozone values
Ozone data measured by satellites (TOMS, Earth Probe) can be obtained from
the Internet (toms.gsfc.nasa.gov) on a daily basis including stratospheric ozone
concentration, reflectivity and aerosol. Erythemal doses are estimated from the
extraterrestrial solar irradiance (298 nm - 400 nm), the Earth-Sun distance, the
biological action spectrum for erythemal damage 46 , the irradiation time, the cloud cover
and the optical cloud thickness, the solar zenith angle and the total column ozone. The
procedure is described in detail on the TOMS data home page
(ftp://toms.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/eptoms/data/erynotes.pdf). We developed a program to
automatically extract the relevant ozone values from the data sets which are organized
by latitude (in 1 degree steps) and longitude (in 1.25 degree steps). The corresponding
ozone concentrations show the typical seasonal high variability in early and mid spring
of each year caused by mini ozone holes which originate from the ozone hole detected
frequently over the Arctic in early spring and drift over North and mid Europe. This
variability is not revealed by the monthly doses because of their short-term occurrence
but can easily be seen in the UV-B over PAR and UV-B over UV-A ratios. Changes in
the ozone concentration are most effective in the UV-B readings and have a much
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