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In-Depth Information
Table 7
Experimental models of aSAH and/or vasospasm
SAH method
Effect
Artery
puncture
intrathecal
injection
Single
puncture
intrathecal
injection
Double
puncture
intrathecal
injection
Clot
puncture
intrathecal
injection
SAH
Vasospasm
References
Species
Mouse
+
+
+
−
+
?
(
54-56
)
Rat
+
+
+
−
+
+/−
(
57-61
)
Rabbit
+
+
+
−
+
+/−
(
62-64
)
Cat
+
+
+
+
(
65-68
)
Pig
+
+
+
+
+
(
69, 70
)
Dog
+
+
+
+
+
+
(
71-75
)
Nonhuman
primate
+
+
+
+
+/− +
(
76-79
)
models and their experimental use with references to the actual
SAH-evoking procedure.
All these animal models of aSAH mimic hemorrhage by a ves-
sel puncture (intra- or extraluminal), single or double intrathecal
blood injections, and clot placement in a mouse, rat, rabbit, cat,
dog, pig, and nonhuman primate. But their relevance for studying
aSAH-unleashed mechanisms leading to neurological and neurobe-
havioral dysfunction remains unknown or limited (
52
). It becomes
clear that as we have sought to establish the cause of vasospasm all
the models have been developed to address it. Among them, the
nonhuman primate model with unilateral craniectomy, Sylvian
fi ssure dissection, and clot placement (
78
) has been widely recog-
nized as the most reliable and clinically relevant model of vasos-
pasm (
50, 53
), but it has been inadequate to study the early
post-SAH brain damage or DINDs. Other small animal models
with disruption of the vessels or intrathecal injection of blood seem
to better address the effects of acute aSAH-related events on brain
injury (
52
). But, the issue of proper experimental models to delin-
eate pathomechanism(s) of direct brain damage evoked by aSAH
remains to be solved. Establishing the model(s) addressing these
different pathomechanisms becomes even more urgent as the
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