Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
42. See Ian Tattersall, “Once We Were Not Alone,”
Scientific American
, January
2000, 38-44. See also Ian Tattersall and Jeffrey H. Schwartz,
Extinct Humans
(New York: Westview, 2000).
43. C. Loring Brace, “The Fate of the 'Classic' Neanderthals: A Consideration
of Hominid Catastrophism,”
Current Anthropology
5 (1964): 3-43. Milford
Wolpoff, Brace's student and then colleague at the University of Michigan, was
another exponent of the single species hypothesis; see his “Competitive Exclu-
sion among Lower Pleistocene Hominids: The Single Species Hypothesis,”
Man
6 (1971): 601-614. Compare Ernst Mayr's 1950 assertion that humans had
stopped speciating because “all the niches that are open for a Homo-like crea-
ture” had been filled (“Taxonomic Categories in Fossil Hominids,”
Cold Spring
Harbor Symposium on Quantitative Biology
15 [1950]: 112).
44. Elements of this idea are echoed in Jonathan Marks's argument that
since we cannot know whether Neanderthals bred with humans, we should
assume they did out of a spirit of “inclusiveness” (“Systematics in Anthropol-
ogy: Where Science Confronts the Humanities [and Consistently Loses],” in
Con-
ceptual Issues in Modern Human Origins Research
, ed. G. A. Clark and C. M.
Willermet [New York: Aldine De Gruyter, 1997], 46-59).
45. Stephen Jay Gould, “Unusual Unity,”
Natural History
, April 1997, 20-23,
69-71.
46. Mayr, “Taxonomic Categories,” 109-118. Dobzhansky had lumped Nean-
derthals with modern humans in a 1944 paper in the
American Journal of Phys-
ical Anthropology
. Jonathan Marks points out that European anthropologists
tended to “other” the Neanderthals, excluding them from their own ancestry,
while U.S. anthropologists tended to bring them in: “American anthropologists
were busy othering the Indians, who were excluded from their ancestry” (per-
sonal communication).
47. This is from an even longer list in chapter 7 of Darwin's
Descent of Man
.
48. See, for example, Gerhard Heberer, ed.,
Menschliche Abstammungslehre
(Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag, 1965). See also Robert N. Proctor, “From
Anthropologie
to
Rassenkunde
: Concepts of Race in German Physical Anthro-
pology,” in
Bones, Bodies, Behavior: Essays on Biological Anthropology
, ed.
George W. Stocking Jr. (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988),
138-179.
49. See Walker and Shipman,
The Wisdom of the Bones
, 140-147.
50. Three of the best multiple hominid species novels are: J. B. Vercors,
You
Shall Know Them
(1953, from the French); William Golding,
The Inheritors
(1955); and Bjorn Kurten,
Dance of the Tiger
(1995), all of which are essentially
“encounter” or “first-contact” narratives. Vercors's topic imagines the discovery
of a band of australopithecines (“Tropis”) living in a remote Javanese jungle—
a sort of paleoanthropological version of Conan Doyle's
Lost World
with added
subplots of hominid enslavement and interspecies breeding. Jean-Jacques
Annaud's popular sci-fi fantasy film,
Quest for Fire
, was based on J.-H. Rosny's
La guerre du feu: Un roman des ages farouches
(Paris: E. Fasquelle, 1911), a
