Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
(Crude Birth Rate + Immigration) - (Crude Death Rate + Emigration) = Growth Rate per 1,000 Indi-
viduals
The answer is then multiplied by 100 to convert it to a percent.
In this case, the crude birth and immigration rates have already been added to equal
, and death
and
emigration have already been added to equal
, allowing the following calculation:
Then convert it to a percent by multiplying by 100. The answer is 2.5 percent.
68. D Chronic exposure to a substance means exposure has occurred in small doses over a long period of
time.
69. C Leaching is the process of minerals being transported down through the soil via water. As the water
percolates through the soil, minerals are carried with it downward to other soil horizons. Unfortunately,
pollution can be leached as well.
70. D Highway congestion is considered an example of a tragedy of the commons. Highways are used of-
ten and without regulation. A tragedy of the commons occurs when an unregulated resource is used un-
sustainably.
71. A A hookworm is an intestinal parasite, consuming nutrients from the host for survival. This will harm
the host and may kill it.
72. D A blue jay living in a tree is an example of amensalism; the tree is providing habitat and shelter for
the blue jay, and the tree is unaffected in this relationship.
73. A Sea lice living on a sunfish is a parasitic relationship. The sea lice feed off of the blood of the sun-
fish, harming it but not killing it, because it is beneficial for the parasite to keep its host alive.
74. D A millipede is considered a detritivore, physically breaking down dead organic matter through scav-
enging. Decomposers chemically break down dead organic matter.
75. C Asbestos is a fibrous mineral found in the lithosphere. People can potentially inhale small fibers of
asbestos, which can lodge in the lining of the lungs, provoking the production of acid to destroy the in-
vader. Over time, this chronic destruction can lead to cancer.
76. A A closed system is self-contained, without outside input. Despite minimal additions of space dust
and occasional meteorites, the Earth is considered a closed system in relation to matter.
77. C Landfills produce methane through the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter. This methane is
collected and reused for energy, burned, or released into the atmosphere.
78. B Mercury is added to the environment mostly as the particulate matter byproduct of combustion. As
the heavy metal falls out of the air, it is deposited onto the ground and into aquatic sources. Runoff
from land can transport this deposited mercury into aquatic environments.
79. B Primary treatment removes suspended solids in the sewage treatment process. Settling tanks are
used, where solid particles sink to the bottom and are removed.
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