Land and Watershed Management - Practices of Irrigation and On-farm Water Management - page 236

(c) Before utilizing subsidies or cash-for-work incentives, other means of providing
incentives should be considered. Negative externalities can result when projects
rely on subsidies; such economic strategies that may not fit because of cultural
and economic differences between donor agencies and receptor countries.
(d) Both environmental and socioeconomic monitoring are needed throughout
implementation and following project completion to assist in informed decision
making.
(e) Project design and planning should consider scale and topography aspects
in coping with upstream-downstream interactions and cumulative watershed
effects. Small-scale projects with clearly defined watershed management objec-
tives have a greater chance of demonstrating positive outcomes that can lead to
long-term programs in contrast to large, ambitious, and complex projects that
are difficult to manage and administer.
(f) Administrative and institutional structures should be developed that recog-
nize watershed boundaries, without becoming overly complex. Flexibility in
planning and management is essential.
(g) Regional training and networking programs at all levels should be promoted,
building upon existing networks. Long-term funding support for technical pro-
fessionals, managers, and policy makers should receive the same attention as
operational field projects. Through expanded training programs, including train-
ing of trainers, diffusion of technology occurs and the continuity of positive
project outcomes can be enhanced.
6.7 Watershed Restoration and Wetland Management
6.7.1 Watershed Restoration
It is required that the authority of each State or Province will conduct water quality
assessments to determine whether its streams, lakes, and estuaries are sufficiently
“healthy” to meet their designated uses, i.e., drinking, irrigation, fishing, or recre-
ation. A water body that does not meet its designated use is defined as “impaired.”
Effective planning and long-term change in impaired watersheds requires citizen
participation in many stages of the process. Engaging stakeholders in the watershed
management process (including watershed scale planning and implementation) may
result in changing attitudes and behaviors that reduce contamination throughout
watersheds and consequently improve water quality. Detail descriptions about the
water quality of stream, river, and estuaries are described in Chapter 6 of Volume 1.
6.7.2 Drinking Water Systems Using Surface Water
Community water systems that use surface water can benefit by developing a
watershed protection plan to protect their water supply from current and future