Motivation towards satisfaction among international sport events volunteers - Theory and Practice in Hospitality and Tourism Research - page 562

possible to remain and influence them to re-volun-
teering in future events. Due to that, the researcher
use Volunteer Satisfaction Index (VSI) developed
by Galindo-Kuhn and Guzley (2002) as cited by
Pauline (2011) (Volunteer Satisfaction Factors)
to measure the satisfaction among volunteers in
international sport event.

2.2.2 Patriotism
Patriotism is considered as one of the important
motivating factors among international sport vol-
unteers (Bang & Chelladurai, 2003). Previous lit-
erature stated that motivational factors for large
scale event was different from the volunteers in
other contexts (Bang & Ross, 2009) where local
volunteers at international sporting events are
being motivated by their patriotism factors to sup-
port their country The event itself became a main
reason for volunteering in the event rather than the
simple reason of helping others.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Volunteerism
Motivation plays as an essential factor for volun-
teer to contribute their time to undergo training in
order to remain as a volunteer (Kim & Chelladurai,
2008). Volunteerisms have been defined as unpaid
help provided in an organized manner to parties
to whom the worker has no obligation (Wilson &
Musick, 1997). A sports volunteer is defined as
the Individuals that offer their help to others in a
sport, without receiving neither remunerations nor
expenses (Sport England, 2004). Thus, it is impor-
tant to understand and match the volunteer pref-
erences that will motivate them (Clary & Snyder,
1999) to enhance their involvement (Munro, 2003).
Volunteers are considered as a valuable source
of human capital (Pauline, 2011), where certain
organizations rely on volunteers to run the daily or
special tasks (Cuskelly, 2004) such as health, press,
public relations, accreditation, technology and tel-
ecommunications, transport, access control and
catering (Khoo & Engelhorn, 2007).

2.2.3 Career orientation
Career orientation expresses the gaining experience
(Bang & Chelladurai, 2003; Clary et al., 1998) and
career contacts where people who volunteer at the
events (Ancans, 1992) aim to acquire knowledge
and gain career-related experience through vol-
unteering. This element is similar with element of
understanding postulated by Clary et al. (1998) in
Value Function Inventory (VFI). The understand-
ing functions involve the opportunity that would
be gained by volunteers in creating new learning
experience, exercise knowledge, skills and abilities
(Clary, et al., 1998).

2.2.4 Love of sport
According to Bang and Ross (2009), Love of Sport
became a strong motivational factor and reason
why people are willing to travel in order to volun-
teer at international sporting events (Bang & Ross,
2009) such as Formula One Grand Prix, Sepang.

2.2 Volunteer motivation scale for international
sporting event (VMS-ISE)
By using the VMS-ISE model, this study explores
the motivation towards satisfaction among inter-
national sport event volunteers. All of the dimen-
sions were used as a main construct and the items
for each construct based on past research on vol-
unteer motivation in international sport events.

2.2.5 Interpersonal contact
Interpersonal contact focuses on social develop-
ment where people meet and communicate with
each other for networking (Bang & Chelladurai,
2003; Bang & Ross, 2009). Solidary stage under
VFI was related to the social context, group iden-
tification and networking (Farrell, et al., 1998;
Williams, Dossa & Tompkins, 1995). Hence,
volunteering activities benefitted the individual
volunteer in terms of networking as well as gain-
ing experience and field skills that lead to better
employability.

2.2.1 Expression of value
This factor focuses on a concern for others where
people became a volunteer in order to express or
act on important values such as helping and being
an element of successful events (Bang & Ross,
2009). This element is similar to what Farrell et
al. (1998) mentioned where people are willing to
do valuable things for the community, the event
and intend to contribute something to the society
(Bang & Chelladurai, 2003; Bang & Ross, 2009).
This statement is in line with Strigas and Jack-
son (2003), where purposive involved motives are
related to the desire of volunteers to benefit their
action to sports organization, and contribute to
the sport events and the community.

2.2.6 Personal growth
Personal Growth can be explained through gaining
new perspectives, feeling important and needed,
high self-esteem and confidence level (Bang &
Chelladurai, 2003; Bang & Ross, 2009). The types
of volunteer opportunities undertaken by respond-
ents were often seen as opportunities for personal
growth. In several cases, personal growth intended
as a part of future life plans, lifelong learning and
personal improvement (Clary, Snyder & Ridge,
1992).