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standards of duty of care are mentioned in the
judgments. In the complicated context of a hotel
where many other non-traditional services are pro-
vided, it is submitted that the exiting framework
can be better strengthened with the application of
a standard duty of care which is applicable to all
lawful entrants to the hotel. In applying the statu-
tory standard, it is suggested that a wide range of
factors and circumstances can be adopted from
experiences of other jurisdictions (Osborne, P.H.,
1985). Hence, an essential condition of liability
is a foreseeable risk of injury which is significant
to prompt action from a reasonably prudent per-
son. (
Preston v. Canadian Legion of British Empire
Service League
. Kingsway Branch 1981 ABCA
105). In determining whether there is such a risk,
the courts have imposed on the occupier a duty to
make reasonable inspection of the premises. The
sufficiency of the care, in light of such a risk, is
determined by a consideration of the kind of
premises, (
Flint v. Edmonton Country Club
(1980),
26. A.R. 391 (Q.B.)). the class of visitors, the grav-
ity of the danger
(Meier v. Qualico Developments
Ltd
. 1984 ABCA 289), the likelihood of injury or
damage, the burden of removing or mitigating the
danger, the practice of occupiers in such circum-
stances (
Epp v. Ridgetop Builders
(1979) 7 C.C.L.T.
291 (Alta. Q.B.), the unexpected nature of the dan-
ger, the weather conditions where relevant
(Lyster
v. Fortress Mountain Resorts Ltd.
1978 688 (AB
QB), the purpose of entry, the degree of warning
and in certain cases, special assurances of safety
given to the visitor.
REFERENCES
Atkinson, M.C. (1968). Occupiers' Liability Some Devel-
opments and Criticisms. University of Tasmania Law
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Bohlen, F. Studies in the Law of Torts. (Indianapolis,
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Buckley, R.A. (2006). Occupiers' Liability in England
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Charlesworth & Percy on Negligence (7th ed., London,
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Clerk & Lindsell on Torts (15th ed., London, Sweet &
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Faridah Hussain & Nuraisyah Chua Abdullah. (2013).
Uplifting the Standard of Duty of Care towards
Guests: An overview of recent developments in
selected countries. Elsevier, 101, 488-494.
J.G. Fleming, The Law of Torts (7th ed., Sydney, Law
Book Co., 1987) p. 423.
Keener, T.H. (1997). Can The Submission of A Premises
Liability Case Be Simplified. Texas Tech Law Review,
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Marsh, N.S. (1953). The History and Comparative Law
of Invitees, Licensees and Trespassers. Law Quarterly
Review, 69(2): 182-199.
McDonald, D.C. & Leigh, L.H. (1965). Law of Occupi-
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sity of Toronto Law Journal, 16(1): 56-88.
Nurchaya Talib. (2010). Law of Torts in Malaysia (3rd
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Osborne, P.H. (1985). The Occupiers Liability Act of
Manitoba. Manitoba Law Journal, 15(2): 177-197.
Recent Developments, Torts-Abrogation of Com-
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and Invitee. (1972). Vanderbilt Law Review, 25(3):
623-640.
Strenkowski, E.A. (1979). Tort Liability of Owners and
Possessors of Land—A Single Standard of Reason-
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and Licensees, Arkansas Law Review, 33(1): 194-210.
The Law Reform Commission. (1988). Occupiers Liabil-
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Winfield & Jolowicz on Tort (12th ed., London, Sweet &
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author wishes to thank the Research Manage-
ment Institute (RMI) UiTM Shah Alam for fund-
ing this project entitled “Re-visiting the Concept
of Contractual Entrants and Invitees in Hotels,”
under the Research Intensive Fund (RIF).
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