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In-Depth Information
Table 3. Mean and percentage of frequencies of envi-
ronmental impacts of sports tourism development
towards residents of Langkawi Island (
N
creates job opportunities, more for outsiders than
the locals. The single status group felt that the
development of sports tourism benefits only cer-
tain groups of individuals.
Significant results were noted for socio-cultural
impacts, such as “Learns tourist's culture through
interaction”,
F
(
2
, 197)
=
300).
0.3,
“Tourists are keen to learn local culture”,
F
(
2
,
197)
=
3.884,
p
=
.022,
η
2
=
0.3, “Presents culture
to tourists in an authentic way”,
F
(
2
, 197)
=
3.905,
p
=
.022,
η
2
=
=
3.073,
p
0.2, “Provides incentives for historical
restoration”,
F
(
2
, 197)
=
.048,
η
2
=
0.4,
“Changes in local traditions and culture”,
F
(
2
,
197)
=
4.512,
p
=
.012,
η
2
=
0.8, and “Lowers qual-
ity of life culturally”,
F
(
2
, 197)
=
8.897,
p
=
.000,
η
2
=
=
6.440,
p
=
.002,
η
0.5. The residents from the married status
group revealed that development in sports tourism
changes in local traditions and culture. According
to the observation of the single status group, tour-
ists are keen to learn local culture and sports tour-
ism provides incentives for historical restoration.
Significant ANOVA's results were identified for
environmental impacts reading “Provides incen-
tive for conservation of natural resources”,
F
(2,
197)
2
=
=
3.511,
p
=
.032,
η
2
=
0.3, and “Adds to traffic
congestion”,
F
(2, 197)
1.3,
as observed by the residents of divorced/widow
status group.
=
16.071,
p
=
.000,
η
2
=
6 DISCUSSION
“Provides incentive for conservation of natural
resources”,
F
(4, 195)
1.0,
and “Projects of hotels and other tourists' facilities
destroy natural environment”,
F
(4, 195)
=
6.613,
p
=
.000,
η
2
=
The findings in this study confirm previous report
by Hritz and Ross (2010) that sports tourism is
closely related to economic, environmental, and
socio-cultural impacts. Resident's great experience
of economic impacts clearly support studies by
Hritz and Ross (2010), McCartney et al. (2010),
and Tien et al. (2011) that major sporting events
do fetch positive economic development. Hence,
sports tourism are highly valued as according to
Kurtzman (2005), “Tourism is a trillion dollar
business and sport is a multi-billion dollar indus-
try and has become a leading force in the lives of
millions people globally”.
The elderly residents (30 years and above)
claimed that development of sports tourism
attracted investments, besides increasing the spend-
ing consumption of tourists on Langkawi Island,
a finding in line with Chappelet and Junod (2006).
The younger generation (below 30 years) observed
that sports tourism gave the tourists opportuni-
ties to learn the local culture, and it also act as a
medium for historical restoration, a finding in line
with Hritz and Ross (2010) and McCartney et al.
(2010). The group aged between 30-39 years has
mixed perceptions about the environmental impact.
=
3.213,
p
0.4, as observed by the residents of
group aged 30-39 years old.
=
.014,
η
2
=
5.6
The impacts of sports tourism development
towards residents of Langkawi Island in term
of marital status
MANOVA's score was reported significant for
the economic, socio-cultural and environmental
impacts tested on the three marital status groups.
ANOVA's results were found significant for eco-
nomic impacts reading “Brings more positive than
negative impacts”,
F
(
2
, 197)
=
4.881,
p
=
.009,
η
0.4, “Creates job opportunities for outsid-
ers than the locals”,
F
(4, 195)
2
=
=
11.449,
p
=
.000,
η
2
=
1.0, “Increases standard of living”,
F
(4,
195)
0.9, and “Benefits only
certain groups of individuals”,
F
(4, 195)
=
10.464,
p
=
.002,
η
2
=
=
11.262,
p
1.0. Residents of divorced/widow
status group highly believed that development of
sports tourism brought more positive than nega-
tive impacts. It increases standard of living and
=
.000,
η
2
=
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