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to make timely and effective decisions for planning,
directing and controlling the activities for which
they are responsible (Lucey, 1991). The informa-
tion processing approach seeks to understand and
predict how organizations perceive stimuli, inter-
pret them, store, retrieve and transmit information,
generate judgments and solve problems (Larkey &
Sproull, 1984).
has been attached to the scanning steps starting
from scanning needs identification to information
evaluation and use: 1) scanning needs identifica-
tion, 2) information acquisition, 3) information
processing and synthesizing, 4) information organ-
ization and storage, 5) information distribution,
and 6) information evaluation and use. Daft (1988)
believed that senior manager's perceived strategic
uncertainty is still proposed to have effect on fre-
quency and rate of importance for environmental
scanning, but is not limited to the steps of infor-
mation collection.
2.2 Strategic information scanning system
It is a system using formalized procedures to pro-
vide management at all levels in all functions with
appropriate information, based on data from both
internal and external sources, to enable them to
make timely and effective decisions for planning,
directing and controlling the activities for which
they are responsible (Lucey, 1991).
The information processing approach seeks to
understand and predict how organizations perceive
stimuli, interpret them, store, retrieve and transmit
information, generate judgments and solve prob-
lems (Larkey & Sproull, 1984).
2.4.2 Systematic approach to being information
literate by Doyle (1994)
Doyle (1994) identified 10 steps required to per-
form an information task, which convey a total and
systematic approach to being information literate.
The steps are: 1) recognize the need for informa-
tion, 2) recognize the need for accurate and com-
plete information, 3) formulate questions based on
needs, 4) identify potential sources of information,
5) develop successful search strategies, 6) access
sources including computer-based and other tech-
nology, 7) evaluate information, 8) organize infor-
mation for practical application, 9) integrate new
information into an existing body of knowledge,
and 10) use information in critical thinking and
problem solving.
2.3 Underpinning theory
Aaker (1983) states planning requires an exter-
nal analysis of the environment that relies upon
information that has been gathered in an ad hoc,
unsystematic way by those involved in the plan-
ning process. From his perspective a considerable
amount of information is exposed to managers
but is lost, dissipated or unused. This may be due
to the scanning effort tends to be undirected, not
partitioned among the participants and no vehi-
cle to store and subsequently to retrieve and dis-
seminate the information. To resolve this situation
Aaker (1983) developed the 'Strategic Information
Scanning System' (SISS) to enhance the effective-
ness of the scanning effort and reserve much of
the information now lost in the organizations. This
system consists of six steps. Steps 1 and 2 specify
information needs and sources, steps 3 and 4 iden-
tify the participants of the system and assign them
to scanning tasks, finally steps 5 and 6 deals with
the storage, processing, and dissemination of the
information.
2.4.3 Information management model
by Choo (2002)
Six distinct information management processes
may be distinguished as 1) identifying information
needs, 2) acquiring information, 3) organizing and
storing information, 4) developing information
products and services, and 5) distributing infor-
mation and using information (Davenport 1993,
McGee & Prusak 1993).
2.4.4 Environmental scanning process
by Zhang, Majid and Foo (2010)
A six-step environmental scanning process is pro-
posed based on Choo's (2010) information manage-
ment model. The steps comprises of: 1) the formal
environment scanning process starts with clearly
defined scanning needs, 2) organizations actively
obtained information through various sources, 3)
the collected information is either stored for future
use or processed and synthesized with the existing
organizational knowledge, 4) after filtering (remov-
ing the irrelevant part of the information), repack-
aging (selecting information from different sources
and merging it) or interpreting, 5) the processed
environmental intelligence may be organized and
stored in an organization knowledge repository for
future utilization, and 6) disseminated directly to
target users.
2.4
Review on strategic environmental
information process models
2.4.1 Refined model on environment information
process by Daft (1988)
This model is developed based on a formal six-step
environmental scanning process lead to fulfil top
management's requirements for strategic decision
making. In this refined model, equal importance
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