Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
Xenodon severus (Plate 4.59C)
Amazon false fer-de-lance; cuaima
sapa; cururuboia; jararaca; jacanarana;
pepeua; sapa; sapamanare; others
1
E, P {Little detail provided. Symptoms reportedly
persisted for 4 h. As noted in Section 4.3, there
is an obscure report of a purported “fatality” that
has been assigned to this species (Orcés, 1948).
We have been unable to verify the details of this
report, and further investigation is underway.
Boulenger (1915) described the wide range
maxillary rotation exhibited by this species. One
specimen, while being held behind the head,
attempted to inflict a bite by rotating the posterior
enlarged maxillary teeth to a near vertical
position}
Quelch (1893)
C/D
Abbreviations: ACP, abdominal cramping pain; AEM, abnormal erythrocyte morphology; ALFT, abnormal liver function tests; An, anemia; ARF, acute renal failure; BG, bleeding gums (gingivae/
buccal mucosae); BL, bleeding; Bs, blisters, blebs; BV, blurred vision; Co, coagulopathy; CCo, consumptive coagulopathy; CK, creatine phosphokinase; CP, chest pain; D, dyspnea; DA, dysarthria;
DIC, disseminated intravascular coagulation; Dp, dysphagia; DW, discharging wound; E, edema; Ecc, ecchymoses; Ep, epistaxis; Er, erythema; F, confirmed fatalities and/or bites can be life-
threatening; FFP, fresh frozen plasma and/or cryoprecipitate; H, hemorrhage; HA, headache; He, hematemesis; HM, hematoma; Hep, hemoptysis; HT, hematuria; HUS, hemolytic-uremic syndrome;
L, lacerations/puncture wounds; LOC, loss of consciousness; Ly, lymphadenopathy; Mel, melena and/or hematochezia; N, nausea; OL, oliguria; P, pain; PA, paresthesia/numbness; Pr, pruritis; PRBC,
packed red blood cells; Pt, ptosis; Sh, shock; Thp, thrombocytopenia; Thr, thrombocytosis; V, vomiting; Ver, vertigo (this includes loss of balance as described in a given report, and may not have met
the clinical criteria for true vertigo).
a Evidence is rated as a modified interpretation of some of the criteria in the Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT) system of Ebell et al. (2004): Level A: Multiple well-documented
cases that contain thorough clinical detail and evaluation by a medical professional. Level B: Limited number of well-documented cases that contain thorough clinical detail and evaluation by
a medical professional. Level C: Case report prepared/interpreted by nonmedically qualified author and/or contains limited clinical information (even if the case was prepared by a medically
qualified individual). This level can also be assigned due to a lack of verified identity of the ophidian species responsible for the bite. Level D: Published report contains description of significant
symptomology/signs without qualified clinical verification and/or supporting clinical details; report based on anecdotal information or second-hand account. IE: Insufficient evidence for basic, critical
evaluation; only anecdotal information available.
b In the reported case or in one of the cases in a documented series, patient was treated with antivenom [usually anti-crotaline, e.g., anti- Bothrops spp., anti- Crotalus spp., and so on, or other polyvalent
prepared against medically important species of the relevant region, e.g., South African Institute of Medical Research (SAIMR; now renamed, South African Vaccine Producers, SAVP)].
c The most parsimonious explanation for the clinical evolution in this case is fatal polyradiculitis from tetanus toxoid. See the cited reference and Section 4.4 for further details.
d In the reported case or in one or more of the cases in a documented series, patient(s) was (were) treated with monospecific antivenom against the envenoming species.
 
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