Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
(
Dispholidus typus, Thelotornis capensis, T . kirtlandii, Rhabdophis tigrinus, R. subminiatus
)
Venom/Toxin
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induced effects
Intrarenal
Prerenal
Apoptosis
Renin release
Acute tubular necrosis
Venom nephrotoxins (direct effect)
DIC
Anemia
Hemorrhage
Delayed antivenom
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Hemoglobinuric deposition (indirect effect)
Immune complex deposition
Intravascular hemolysis
Blood degradation products
(bilirubin, schistocytes)
Hypotension/shock/anaphylaxis
Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
Interstitial edema/fibrosis
Microangiopathic thrombosis
Hemoglobinuric nephropathy
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Postrenal
Oliguria
Hematuria
Albuminuria
Albuminuria
Keyler©
Figure 4.4
Renal complications and non-front-fanged colubroid envenomations.
Envenomation from bites by several non-front-fanged
colubroid species may cause acute kidney injury (AKI). Venom- or venom toxin-induced effects may impact physiological systems (blood and
vascular) causing prerenal insults that lead to AKI, while other venom components may have direct effects (intrarenal) on specific kidney structures
(renal cells, glomerulus, tubules). Venom-induced prerenal and intrarenal toxicity will result in reduced or abolished glomerular filtration, and thus
decrease diuresis (postrenal effect). This will produce renal insufficiency that may progress to renal failure and uremia. Some victims with hazard
level 1 colubrid envenomation-associated AKI respond poorly to dialysis.
D. typus
, photo copyright to Julian White; renal figure copyright to Daniel
