Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
2
Topics in Nanomedicine
As described in this volume, Nanomedicine deals with a wide range of topics, some
of which specifically relate to potential applications of Nanoinformatics, as illustrated
by the examples that follow (Jain
2008
).
2.1
Delivery Mechanisms
Nanoparticles can be used as carriers to deliver specific substances (e.g., genes,
drugs, etc.) to target various specific parts of an organism (e.g., organs, cells,
molecules). Various particles can be used; each of them has its own special charac-
teristics—like dendrimers, liposomes, buckyballs, etc. Nanoparticles can be designed
to release drugs in a controlled manner if certain conditions are met. Computerized
simulations can be carried out “in silico” to design their structure and anticipate their
properties. This area emphasizes controlled release which implies, for instance, a
sensing system to start and stop release or a detection system.
2.2
Implantable Devices
Nanodevices—such as nanorobotos—can be designed to obtain an almost non-
invasive continuous monitoring for some diseases. These nanodevices integrate
different modules to detect variations on standard biological parameters or, if
necessary, to release a specific drug to reach a specified target, reducing expected
toxicity. Research in this field presents great challenges and opportunities for
personalizing the practice of medicine. This area will require tailoring the device to
a patient's individual response by monitoring a portion of her gene expression,
proteome and/or metabolome.
2.3
Diagnosis
Nanoparticles can interact directly with molecules in living organisms. This makes
them specific and effective tools for diagnosing some pathological conditions and
diseases. When an engineered nanoparticle detects a specific molecule, it can bind
to it and “highlight” it by using, for instance, quantum dots. Decision support is a
very active area of research in BMI which extends naturally to nanomedicine.
Examples might include, for instance, decision support in surgery to help in visuali-
zation. This area of diagnosis would supplement information on disease and pathology
with actively correlating known biomarkers to aid a doctor in, for instance, traversing
a vastly more complicated decision tree based on the reported patient data.
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