Magnetic Resonance Tracking of Stem Cells with Iron Oxide Particles - Intracellular Delivery: Fundamentals and Applications - page 462

Table 1 Modalities of cellular imaging adapted from Arbab et al. (Arbab and Frank 2008 )

MRI Optical

1H 19F CEST a IM e FRI f BLI g

Modality CT b PET c SPECT d US h

Spatial resolution 1-2 mm (animal scanner)

3-5 mm (clinical)

2-3 mm 2-3 mm

10-100 mm >100 mm >100 mm <10 mm 1 mm 50 mm

Depth of
penetration

Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited 0.4 mm <1 cm 1 cm Unlimited

Sensitivity i 1-1,000 7,500 25,000 Poor Hundreds No data No data No data 10 1

Reporter gene j In progress No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No

Longevity Good Good Excellent Good Excellent Poor Excellent Good Excellent Good

Label approach Exogenous

label

Exogenous
label

Reporter
gene

Exogenous
label

Reporter gene Decaying

isotope

Reporter
gene

Exogenous
label

Reporter gene Exogenous

label

Cellular
quantification

Possible Yes Possible Possible Possible Yes No No Possible Possible

Ionising
radiation

No No No Yes Yes Yes No No No No

Clinical
translation

Yes Yes Yes Possible Yes Yes Limited No No Yes

Gd, Mn,
iron
oxide

19F Ln or

peptides

Iodine 18F, 11C,

15O, 64Cu

111In,
123I,
99mTc

GFP GFP, NIR

fluoro-
chrome

Luciferins Perfluoro-carbon

Characteristics

Soft tissue
contrast

Good
specificity

Good
specificity

Cyclotron
needed

Limited
duration

Rapid
molecular
diagnostics

Gene
expression

mbubble
interventional

a CEST Chemical exchange-dependent saturation transfer
b CT computer tomography
c PET positron emission tomography
d SPECT single photon emission computed tomography
e IM intravital microscopy
f FRI fluorescence reflectance imaging
g BLI bioluminescence imaging
h US ultrasound
i Sensitivity: the minimum number of cells detectable