Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Study of antifungal properties against large group of fungal species (
Phoma
glomerata, Phoma herbarum, Fusarium semitectum, Trichoderma sp., Candida
albicans
) in combination with triazole antifungal drug fluconazol was published by
Gajbhiye et al. (
2009
). Biosynthesized AgNPs (by phyto-pathogenic fungus
Alternaria alternata
) enhanced antifungal activity of fluconazole against the test
fungi (showing maximum inhibition against
C. albicans
, followed by
P. glomerata
and
Trichoderma sp
.). However, no significant enhancement was found against
P. herbarum
and
F. semitectum
.
Last but not least, formation of AuNPs with antifungal activity was also
described. As a contribution to the water hygiene and treatment management, Das
et al. (
2009
) describes simple on step procedure to obtain potable water free of
pathogens and pesticides. AuNPs (10 nm average) were produced on the surface of
fungus
Rhizopus oryzae
and showed antimicrobial activity against several G− and
G+ pathogenic bacteria as well as the yeasts
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
and
Candida
albicans
. Simulated contaminated water containing organophosphate pesticides
(malathion, parathion, chloropyrifos, and dimethoate) along with E. coli was
treated with gold bionanoconjugate and successful removal of contaminants was
monitored by means standard disk method (
E. coli
) and gas chromatography analysis
(pesticides). AuNPs with antibacterial (
Citrobacter kosari, Escherichia coli, Proteus
valgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter aerogenes and Klebsiella sp.
)
and antifungal (
Candida albicans
) activity were also obtained employing banana
peel extract (Bankar et al.
2010
).
3.4.3
Antiviral Activity
Although humankind is waging an ongoing war against viruses in such wide ranging
fields as medicine and agriculture, there has been only one recorded study about
antiviral activity of biosynthesized NPs. Although not of the biosynthesized nature,
the post-infected anti-HIV-1(BaL) activities of AgNPs (prepared chemically,
10 nm) toward Hut/CCR5 cells (cells derived from a human T cell line, which
express the chemokine receptor CCR5) were evaluated by Sun et al. (
2005
). When
compared to the control sample, AgNPs showed dose-dependent anti-retrovirus
activities and showed high activity (at 50 mM - 98%) in inhibiting HIV-1 replica-
tion (for comparison, the AuNPs exhibited relatively low anti-HIV-1 activities
6-20%). This is an interesting example of the use of strictly chemically fabricated
NPs. Remarkably, De Gusseme et al. (
2010a
) published study of virus removal by
biogenic rare earth element cerium (produced by addition of aqueous Ce(III) to
actively growing cultures of either freshwater manganese-oxidizing bacteria
Leptothrix discophora
or
Pseudomonas putida
). A model organisms for the antivi-
ral assay was bacteriophage UZ1 (bacteriophage specific for common pathogenic
bacterium
Enterobacter aerogenes
).
In study by the same research group (De Gusseme et al.
2010b
),
Lactobacillus
fermentum
served as a reducing agent and carrier matrix for AgNPs. The antiviral
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