Biosynthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles and Their Applications - Intracellular Delivery: Fundamentals and Applications - page 390

and Ragunathan 2009 ) can serve against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia
coli (G−) and Staphylococcus aureus (G+). Identical bacterial species were used in
a similar study (Maliszewska and Puzio 2009 ) employing the famous genus of
ascomycetous fungi, Penicillium sp , with major importance in the natural environ-
ment as well as food and drug production.
Fungal plant pathogen Phoma glomerata was employed in synthesis of Ag NP
and, together with antibiotics, proved effective against Escherichia coli,
Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Birla et al. 2009 ). Synthesized
NPs showed comprehensive bactericidal activity against the aforementioned G−
and G+ bacterial species and enhanced the antimicrobial activity of used antibiotics
(ampicillin, gentamycin, streptomycin and vancomycin). Interestingly by using
gold, a mold species Trichoderma viride (widely used as bio-fungicide) was used
to biosynthesize vancomycin bound NPs and exhibited activity against vancomycin
resistant Staphylococcus aureus , vancomycin sensitive S. aureus and E. coli (Fayaz
et al. 2011 ). Additionally, all experiments were performed as comparison between
vancomycin bound AuNPs and vancomycin as such.
Streptomyces sp . bacterially derived AgNPs were reported (Shirley et al. 2010 )
as biologically active against seven species of both G+ and G− bacteria ( Staphylo-
coccus aureus, S. epidermidis, E. coli, S. typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris) . Also, already known metal reducing
G− bacteria Shewanella oneidensis was used for silver nanocrystallites biofabrica-
tion (Suresh et al. 2010 ). Bacterial toxicity assessments showed that prepared bio-
genic Ag NPs have a greater bactericidal activity on E. coli , S. oneidensis , and
B. subtilis strains than chemically synthesized colloidal-AgNPs. Ul'berg et al. ( 2010 )
reported usage of four bacterial species leading to bio-AgNPs active against E. coli .
Photosynthetic organisms are in antimicrobial biofabrication represented by
algae, plants and trees. Four species of marine microalgae (normal and microwave
irritated) were used in comparison and assessment of antimicrobial properties of
resulting AgNPs against human pathogens Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp, Proteus
vulgaricus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Merin et al. 2010 ). Also higher plants can
take a place in NP synthesis. Leafs extract of Garcinia mangostana (Mangosteen)
were employed in AgNPs biofabrication and the antibacterial assays were done on
human pathogenic E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus by standard disc diffusion
method with considerable results (Veerasamy et al. 2011 ). Krishnaraj et al. ( 2010 )
investigated biosynthesis of AgNPs and its activity on water borne bacterial patho-
gens ( E. coli and Vibrio cholerae ). During the antibacterial experiments, alteration
in membrane permeability and respiration of the AgNP treated bacterial cells were
recorded.
Gade et al. ( 2010 ) reported Opuntia ficus-indica mediated synthesis of colloidal
AgNPs and their antimicrobial assessment in combination with commercially avail-
able antibiotics (the maximum activity was demonstrated by ampicillin followed by
streptomycin and vancomycin). Similarly, the extracellular biosynthesis of AgNPs
from silver nitrate solution by fungus Trichoderma viride is reported (Fayaz et al.
2010a ). Increasing of their antimicrobial activities with various antibiotics against
gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria was described. Although antibacterial