Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
g-HCH g-hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane)
ICM iodinated contrast media
TCE trichloroethylene
bioPd biofabricated palladium
PEM polymer electrolyte membrane
4-NP p -nitrophenol; 4-nitrophenol
SERS surface enhanced Raman scattering
IR infra red
BM bacterial magnetosome
PTP tyrosine phosphatase
PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
GCE glassy carbon electrode
QD
quantum dot
1
Introduction
“Green” approach toward nanotechnology research became widely used in last few
years. Inspiration by nature and processes inside the living organisms can produce
new opportunities and perspectives for whole wide nanotechnology branch of
research and industry. Particularly, synthesis of NPs and nanostructures can easily
profit from usage of nature equipment located in cells. Right attitude towards world
of biomolecules, function groups, enzymes and other important factors leads to large
number of advantages compared to common chemical or mechanical methods.
Scientific interest in the NPs originates from their unique and variable proper-
ties. They create connecting link between bulk material and individual atoms or
molecules. When the bulk materials have constant physical properties, the same
materials have been uncovered to exhibit different interesting properties when studied
in the nanoscale. For instance, NPs have a much larger surface compared to bulk
materials. Generally, it follows that they have higher reactivity and different chemical
properties. Also, the wavelength of NPs is similar to the wavelength of light. This
results in unique optical properties (NPs are transparent).
Possible applications of metallic NPs are taking place in varied areas such as
electronics, coating technology, packaging, cosmetics, biosensing, medicine and
they will be discussed in corresponding sections.
2
Preparation of Nanoparticles
There are three main approaches for the metallic NP synthesis: physical, chemical
and biological. From the structural point of view, we can describe methods as
“bottom-up” and “top-down”. Bottom-up approach is way to assemble the final
structure atom by atom, molecule by molecule. The building units are formed at
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