Mass Transport via Cellular Barriers and Endocytosis - Intracellular Delivery: Fundamentals and Applications - page 5

KDEL Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu

KDEL-R Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu receptor

GFP green fluorescent protein

PERK proline-rich, extensin-like receptor kinase

STX-B Shiga toxin

mtDNA mitochondrial DNA

OMM outer mitochondrial membrane

IMS intermembrane space

IMM inner mitochondrial membrane

TOM translocases of the outer membrane

TIM translocases of the inner membrane

ANT adenine nucleotide translocase

BODIPY boron-dipyrromethene

TPP triphenylphosphonium

HPMA hexamethylphosphoramide

iSur-pDNA suppressor of metastatic and resistance-related protein survivin

DQAsomes mitochondria-specific nanocarrier system prepared from the

amphiphilic quinolinium derivative dequalinium chloride

MITO-porter liposome-based carrier with a high density of fusogenic R8

R8 eight arginines

Mito-8 mitochondria selective peptide

NPC nuclear pore complex

NLS nuclear localization signal

Ran RAs-related Nuclear protein

K lysine

R arginine

GFP green fluorescent protein

CPP cell penetrating peptide

LEV logic-embedded vector

VEGFR-2 vascular endothelial growth factor receptor two

PECAM Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule

1 Introduction

Depending on the mode of administration, the nature of the drugs, and their
formulation, molecules or particles have to bypass multiple biological barriers
before reaching the target site. Among these barriers are sequestration by the
reticulo-endothelial system (RES); transport across cellular (vascular endothelium
and gastrointestinal epithelial lining) and stromal (tissue interstitium) barriers; and
crossing cell and subcellular organelle membranes. These processes involve mass
transport at multiple levels bridging biology, chemistry, physics and mathematics
with the goal of understanding the mechanisms that govern transport across bio-
barriers in order to develop more effective therapeutics with fewer side effects.