Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
PIBCA
poly(isobutyl cyanoacrylate)
PIBCA- b -PEG
poly(isobutyl cyanoacrylate)- b -poly(ethylene glycol)
block copolymer
PIBCA- b -PEG- b -PIBCA
poly(isobutyl cyanoacrylate)- b -poly(ethylene glycol)-
b -poly(isobutyl cyanoacrylate) block copolymer
P n BCA
poly( n- butyl cyanoacrylate)
PNIPAAm
poly( N -isopropylacrylamide)
POCA
poly(octyl cyanoacrylate)
SelPEGCA
selegiline-poly(ethylene glycol) cyanoacetate
THF
tetrahydrofuran
w/o/w
water-in-oil-in-water
w/o
water-in-oil
w-NC
water-containing nanocapsule
1
Introduction
Poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate) (PACA) nanosystems include various types of nano-
particles suitable to achieve in vivo drug delivery in a well controlled manner
(Vauthier et al. 2003 ). PACA nanosystems are one of the few polymer nanopar-
ticles used as drug carriers which have reached clinical evaluation (Kattan et al.
1992 ; BioAlliance Pharma 2009 ; Zhou et al. 2009 ). Beside this, PACA nanosys-
tems have been considered as potential carriers for many types of drugs; the
literature is particularly abundant and includes reports on a wide range of methods
for their synthesis (Vauthier et al. 2007 ; Nicolas and Couvreur 2009 ).
Consequently, various types of nanoparticles were developed to answer the dif-
ferent drug delivery challenges. In turn, this required the development of suit-
able methods for the synthesis of the desired nanosystems. Large scale
production was considered for the methods producing the nanoparticles used in
clinical investigations. The aim of this chapter is to document synthetic path-
ways to achieve PACA nanosystems starting from general features on the syn-
thesis of alkyl cyanoacrylate (ACA) monomers. Then the polymerization
features of these monomers and their different polymerization methods will be
discussed including those applied to synthesize copolymers with defined molec-
ular architecture. The synthesis of PACA nanosystems will be considered in
three subsections following the development of drug carriers with different
degrees of specificity regarding their biodistribution after intravenous adminis-
tration to animals. This also corresponded to the synthesis of nanoparticles with
increasing degree of complexity. Synthesis methods from polymerization of
ACA, from pre-formed polymers and methods of surface engineering are
detailed in these subsections.
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