Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
2.3.1
Temperature
One of the major parameter provides efficiency composting. It essentially varies
during composting due to thermal effect which appears as a result of oxidizing
degradation of covalent bond at decomposed substances. It is known, that any pro-
cess of composting has 3 basic temperature stages—mesophilic, thermophile and
a stage of cooling, or final maturing compost. Duration of all of 3 stages depends
on structure of a mix of the organic waste intended for composting, and a degree
of aeration of this mix. Usually mesophilic the stage begins in the beginning com-
posting or after some period necessary for microorganisms for their adaptation and
growth (Walsh et al. 1991 ). The temperature mesophilic can vary phases from 40 up
to 55 °C. In opinion of many researchers, at this stage there is the most active oxi-
dizing degradation of organic waste (Mahimairaja et al. 1995 ; Tuomela et al. 2000 ).
This temperature is characteristic and for thirds of stage composting—stages of
cooling of a punched mix when it is observed final destruction organic connections.
Thermophile the stage can proceed from 5 up to 25 day and more, the temperature
at this stage composting can reach 70 °C and above. As a rule, at this stage there is
an active destruction of pathogenic microorganisms and the highest losses of flying
organic substances (Mahimairaja et al. 1995 ). Last stage can proceed within many
weeks and even months and comes to the end, when the temperature of a punched
mix will achieve an ambient temperature (Boldrin et al. 2010 ; Paradelo et al. 2011 ;
Dilek and Yasemin 2013 ; Serramib et al. 2013 ).
2.3.2
Aeration
Aeration of a punched mix is closely connected with temperature. For example,
with increase of temperature the output of harmful connections and a poisoning of
the air environment increase. Such connections formed during composting, sulfur,
odorous components are СН 4 , methanol. Usually in this case methanol and 2-buta-
nol is the cores admixture of air. However issue of odorous substances of type di-
methyl sulfide amplifies at increase in the contents of sulfur-containing substances
in raw material, thus high concentration of methane, ammonia and sulfurs in air
usually testify to bad aeration during process composting (Skajaa and Hannibal
1991 ). There are three kinds of aeration of punched mixes: the compulsory aeration
which is carried out by forcing of air in clamps, compost heaps or corresponding
devices for aerobic process; the passive aeration which is carried out by a special
arrangement horizontal clamps in a direction of a wind rose and a lining inside of
punched clamps of special pipes with punching, providing passive receipt of air
inside of a processed mix, and at last, a method composting with natural aeration,
without use of any adaptations, but in view of a wind rose (Imbeah 1998 ; Aviani
et al. 2010 ).
At compulsory aeration speed of receipt of air usually makes 0.20-1.33 l/min kg
of dry flying substances for composting city dust and deposits of sewage and 0.87-
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