Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
Fig. 11.3
Process involved in oil palm industry. (Source: http://www.uwapabriksawit.blogspot.
com/2009/10/schematic-processof-palm-oil-mill.html)
potential substrate for production of cellulose and for xylose (Rahman et al.
2007
)
production. Meanwhile, frond of oil palm was commonly used as a ruminant food,
run off water breaking in the sloping oil palm plantation area. The oil palm frond
is comparatively richer in non-cellulosic polysaccharides, especially arabinoxylan;
accetygroups are substitute which may probably to rabinoxyan. The lignin of oil
palm fond and the wall of polysaccharides of coconut coir dust are substitute with
hydroxybenzoic acids with ester and ether linkages (Fig.
11.3
).
Four major types of composting are used in industry viz. aerated static piles,
open static piles, turned widrows and piles and in-vessel systems (Hubbe et al.
2010
). Furrow system and a windrow pile system are also used for OPEFB and
POME sludge composting processes (Baharuddin et al.
2009
,
2010
). Conversely,
for these systems, extra time for composting was needed coupled with some prob-
lems faced in controlling main traits, like water content, thermal, and oxygen level
(Xiao et al.
2009
). On the other hand an in-vessel composting system is compara-
tively better than other systems since it needed shorter area and produce enhanced
agitation control, ventilation, and incorporation of the compost material (Kim et al.
2007
). Whereas, Singh et al. (
2009
) defined that in support of in-vessel composting
systems, O
2
phases are implicated; a high-rate phase in the vessel composter and a
curing phase in exterior compost.
