Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
analysis (ARDRA) to deduce the predominance of
Bacillus pallidus
,
B. stearother-
mophillus
and
B. thermodenitrificans
in hot composts. Dees and Ghiorse (
2001
)
reported the abundance of thermophilic bacterial strains (76.1%) in garden and
domestic composts. The RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) profiles
indicated the abundance of two strains notably,
B. licheniformis
and
B. thermodeni-
trificansi
. Other strains, including
B. sporothermodurans
and
B. thermosphaericus,
were present at relatively lower numbers (~ 10.0 %). The presence of
Anureniba-
cillus
and
Brevibacillus
was also detected, although these strains are not charac-
teristically associated with garden type composts. Ishii et al. (
2000
) used DGGE
profiling to identify the members of genus
Bacillus
as the predominant representa-
tives during the thermophilic phase of garbage compost, however sequences related
to genus
Virgibacillus
and
Gracilibacillus
were also identified. The thermophilic
phase between 50-60 °C was characterized by the abundance of heterogenic mem-
bers belonging to the genus
Bacillus
. Hassen et al. (
2001
) used the enrichment cul-
ture technique and API biomurex strips for isolation and identification of microbes
from a municipal waste. The members of the genus
Staphylococcus
were found to
dominate the mesophilic phase and early thermophilic phase notably:
S. capitis
,
S. cohnii
,
S. sciuri
, and
S. similans
. The presence of the last species was observed
only during the thermophilic phase. Schloss et al. (
2003
) used ARISA (automated
16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer amplification) to observe the community succes-
sion in a compost heap. They detected the predominance of sequences related to
genus
Lactobacilli
during the first 60 h period, while between 60-96 h a shift in the
bacterial population was observed, with members of the genus
Bacillus
appearing
as the dominant flora. The SSCP profiling of samples collected from thermophilic
compost containing corn, wood chips and manure indicated the predominance of
five different species of
Bacillus
(Peters et al.
2000
). DGGE analysis of the micro-
bial community from a composting bin system indicated the presence of a large
number of bands corresponding to the genus
Bacilli
.
In situ
FISH hybridization
studies indicated that 30 % of the sequences were related to
B. licheniformis
(Rawat
and Johri
2013
). The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of samples obtained from
spent mushroom compost indicated the presence of Gram-positive bacteria mostly
associated with the genera
Bacillus
,
Paenibacillus,
and
Staphylococcus
. Novel bac-
terial isolates belonging to the genera
Bacillus
were also identified (Ntougias et al.
2004
). Tiago et al. (
2004
) analysed the microbial community in municipal sludge
compost using the enrichment culture technique and API biomurex system, RAPD
was used for determining the genetic diversity of the genus
Bacillus
.
B. cereus
,
B.
licheniformis,
and
B. gelatini
were distinguished based on RAPD profiles. All the
Bacillus
sp. except for
B. cereus
group, were able to grow under both mesophilic
and thermophilic conditions. Partanen et al. (
2010
) used a culture independent ap-
proach by analysing the 16S rRNA gene sequences of sample(s) from both pilot
scale and large scale municipal waste compost and reported the abundance of mem-
bers associated with the genera
Lactobacillus
during the mesophilic and early ther-
mophilic stages. The thermophilic phase in the pilot scale and the full scale compost
was characterized by the abundance of diverse sequences related to
Bacillus
sp. In
the pilot scale, the
Bacillus
sp. appeared quite early in thermophilic phase and was
