Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
Chapter 3
Biogeochemistry and Traditional Ecological
Knowledge and Practices in Japan
Hideaki Shibata
Abstract
Analysis of biogeochemical dynamics between biotic and abiotic
processes through Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) is essential for under-
standing relations between humans and nature. Traditional ecological knowledge
(TEK) and practices also relate to nutrient and material fl ows across human and
ecological systems. Here, I present current developments in biogeochemical
research programs with special attention to recent fi ndings in Japan on human-
ecological interactions. I also provide examples of Japanese TEK and practices, and
discuss their current problems and future directions. Japanese LTER encompasses
a number of ecosystems: 20 core and 36 associate-sites, and uses multiple monitor-
ing and experimental techniques to assess long-term and large-scale dynamics of
ecosystem structures, functioning, and biodiversity. In comparison, the scope of
TEK in assessing socio-ecological interactions is still limited. However, two exam-
ples are introduced in this chapter. The traditional Japanese agricultural landscape,
or
Satoyama
, is representative of the application of traditional ecological knowl-
edge and practices for both food production and providing a critical habitat for
diverse wildlife through the sustainable use of natural resources and nutrients. The
practices of the
Ainu,
who are indigenous to northern Japan, also exemplify an
environmental ethics and belief system that respects nature and can be a guiding
reference to develop a sustainable future. Evolving more interdisciplinary
approaches and recognizing regional and local differences in traditions and cultures
will be key challenges for our stewardship of sustainable environments, locally,
regionally, and globally.
Keywords
Biogeochemical processes • Coupled human and environmental
systems • Nitrogen cycling •
Satoyama
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