IUCN/WCPA Protected Areas Program: Making Space for People and Biodiversity in the Anthropocene - Earth Stewardship: Linking Ecology and Ethics in Theory and Practice - page 335

and tools for protecting areas that can be integrated in development planning and
economic decision-making, and provide sector-specifi c experience and guidance in
managing the intersection between protected areas and development. Protected
areas need to be viewed as part of the national economy, and to be incorporated into
national development strategies and frameworks.

22.7 Enhancing Diversity and Quality of Governance

Two trends emerged directly from the WPC of 2003: the increasing recognition of
indigenous peoples' and community-conserved territories and areas (ICCAs) by
governments, and a rapid increase in self-declared protected areas by indigenous
peoples or local communities, most notably in Australia where over 20 million
hectares have been declared as Indigenous Protected Areas in little more than a
decade. The movement is gaining momentum and the ICCA Consortium, recently
established, is providing global policy guidance. However, wider issues of gover-
nance still remain under-developed. The governance element of the CBD POWPA
remains poorly implemented compared with other parts of the Program, with many
governments lagging behind in applying good governance principles to existing or
new protected areas, or in recognizing ICCAs, rights of communities, or privately
protected areas (PPAs). The global policy focus on ICCAs needs to be comple-
mented by a focus on shared governance and PPAs. Aichi Target 11 can only be
achieved realistically with the contribution of all the different governance types and
other effective area-based conservation measures.

22.8 Respecting Indigenous and Traditional Knowledge

and Culture

Representatives of indigenous people came to the WPC 2003 with the specifi c aim
of eliminating protected areas from their countries: two groups who frequently want
the same result, protection of natural ecosystems, had drifted dangerously apart.
People wanting to eliminate any remaining blocks on unrestrained development
have been happy to encourage such divisions. In the years since Durban, important
steps have been taken towards healing the rifts between some indigenous peoples'
groups and protected area authorities. This is demonstrated by an increased number
of collaboratively managed protected areas, indigenous protected areas (Australia),
self-declared protected areas, offi cially recognized ICCAs, and other partnerships
between local communities and protected areas. Adoption of the UN Declaration on
the Rights of Indigenous Peoples; development of agreements such as the Akwe Kon
guidelines, facilitated by the CBD; better understanding of issues of governance