Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
phosis complete. Immature stages aquatic, the
larvae usually inhabiting protective cases con-
structed from particles of sand or grit, pieces of
vegetation or other debris; larvae campodeiform
or eruciform; abdominal prolegs absent.
a bulbous basal segment; ocelli present; fore
tibiae each with one or no spurs. Larvae of vari-
ous habits; larval cases made of sand grains,
shells or pieces of plant tissue, and often very
large.
EXAMPLES:
Halesus radiatus
(a pest of water-
lilies and other aquatic ornamentals),
Limne-
philus lunatus
(a pest of watercress).
1. Family LIMNEPHILIDAE
(p. 94
et seq.)
Associated mainly with slow-moving water;
antennae about as long as forewings, each with
ORDER HYMENOPTERA (ANTS, BEES, SAWFLIES,
WASPS, ETC.)
Minute to large insects, usually with two pairs of
membranous wings; wings usually transparent,
with relatively few veins; hindwings the smaller
pair and interlocked with the forewings by small
hooks; mouthparts adapted for biting but often
also for lapping and sucking; females with ovi-
positor modified for sawing, piercing or stinging.
Metamorphosis complete. Eggs usually sausage-
shaped and whitish in colour. Larvae usually
apodous or eruciform, and usually with a well-
developed head. Pupae exarate, rarely obtect,
and usually formed in a cocoon.
1. Family PAMPHILIDAE
(p. 245
et seq.)
Robust-bodied sawflies with a short ovipositor
and long, filiform antennae; abdomen dorso-
ventrally flattened. Larvae without abdominal
prolegs but with prominent anal cerci
(Fig. 145);
leaf-rolling or web-forming and often gregarious.
Suborder SYMPHYTA
Abdomen attached broadly to the thorax, with
no marked constriction between the first and sec-
ond abdominal segments; fore tibiae nearly al-
ways with two apical spurs; ovipositor adapted
for sawing or boring. Larvae with a well-
developed, strongly chitinized head and thirteen
body segments; usually with three pairs of tho-
racic and six or more pairs of abdominal prolegs
(unlike lepidopterous larvae, the latter lack cro-
chets); one pair of ocelli; spiracles present on the
prothorax (rarely on the metathorax) and on the
first eight abdominal segments; faeces are ex-
creted throughout larval life.
Superfamily
MEGALODONTOIDEA
cercus^
/,<•'• .':';
Fig. 145
Larva of a social pear sawfly,
Neurotoma
saltuum
- family Pamphilidae (x5).
Fore tibiae with two apical spurs.
