Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
Fig.
48 Forewing of a thrips - family
Aeolothripidae.
Fig.
49 Forewing of a thrips - family Thripidae.
tubular in both sexes
(Fig. 47b).
Development
includes an egg, two nymphal, one propupal and
two pupal stages. Eggs elongate-oval, hard-
shelled and often sculptured.
main family of thrips in temperate regions.
Forewings usually pointed at apex and each with
three longitudinal veins, from which arise nu-
merous, often large, setae
(Fig.
49); antennae
usually 7- or 8-segmented (rarely 6- or 9-
segmented), the last one to three segments form-
ing a thin style; body flattened; female with a
downward-curving ovipositor.
EXAMPLES:
Frankliniella occidentalis
(wes-
tern flower thrips),
4
Thrips tabaci
(onion
thrips).
3. Family PHLAEOTHRIPIDAE
(p. 94)
A mainly tropical family, associated primarily
with dead wood or leaf litter (but including some
predatory and leaf-feeding species), the insects
feeding on fungal hyphae, fungal spores or the
breakdown products of fungal decay. Some
phytophagous species cause noticeable galls on
host plants.
EXAMPLES:
Haplothrips tritici
(wheat thrips),
Liothrips vaneeckei
(lily thrips).
Suborder TUBULIFERA
Forewings without longitudinal veins and female
without an ovipositor; tenth abdominal segment
ORDER NEUROPTERA (LACEWINGS, ETC.)
Small to large, soft-bodied, often predatory in-
sects with biting mouthparts; wing venation com-
plex, the veins tending to fork near the wing
margins; antennae usually long and slender.
Metamorphosis complete; development includes
egg, larval (three), prepupal and pupal stages.
cated near the wing margins (but if so then
prothorax exceptionally long and slender). Lar-
vae elongate, with biting mouthparts; head and
prothorax large, both strongly sclerotized. Pupae
naked, i.e. pupation occurs without forming a
cocoon. Includes ant-lions (family Raphidiidae)
but no economically important predators of agri-
cultural significance.
Suborder MEGALOPTERA
(alder flies and snake flies)
Medium-sized, lacewing-like, predatory insects,
with branches of wing veins usually not bifur-
4
Students and other readers should note there is no
such word as 'thrip'.
Suborder PLANIPENNIA
Small to large predatory insects with branches of
wing veins usually clearly bifurcated near the
wing margins. Larvae with suctorial mouthparts
